Bering Sea Marine Invasive Species Assessment Alaska Center for Conservation Science Scientific Name: Limnoria tripunctata Phylum Arthropoda Common Name a wood-boring isopod Class Malacostraca Order Isopoda Family Limnoriidae Z:\GAP\NPRB Marine Invasives\NPRB_DB\SppMaps\LIMTRI.png 50 Final Rank 50.00 Data Deficiency: 2.50 Category Scores and Data Deficiencies Total Data Deficient Category Score Possible Points Distribution and Habitat: 18.25 30 0 Anthropogenic Influence: 6.75 10 0 Biological Characteristics: 19.25 30 0 Impacts: 4.5 28 2.50 Figure 1. Occurrence records for non-native species, and their geographic proximity to the Bering Sea. Ecoregions are based on the classification system by Spalding et al. (2007). Totals: 48.75 97.50 2.50 Occurrence record data source(s): NEMESIS and NAS databases. General Biological Information Tolerances and Thresholds Minimum Temperature (°C) 2 Minimum Salinity (ppt) 19 Maximum Temperature (°C) 30 Maximum Salinity (ppt) 50 Minimum Reproductive Temperature (°C) 15 Minimum Reproductive Salinity (ppt) 31* Maximum Reproductive Temperature (°C) 30 Maximum Reproductive Salinity (ppt) 35* Additional Notes Limnoria tripunctata is a small wood-boring isopod that is globally distributed. It is almost cylindrical in shape and adults are up to 3.4 mm long and white to pink in color. Distinguished from other species in the genus by the possession of three bumps on the telson that are visible under a dissecting microscope (Reish et al. 2015). Report updated on Wednesday, December 06, 2017 Page 1 of 15 1. Distribution and Habitat 1.1 Survival requirements - Water temperature Choice: Little overlap – A small area (<25%) of the Bering Sea has temperatures suitable for year-round survival Score: C 1.25 of 3.75 Ranking Rationale: Background Information: Temperatures required for year-round survival occur in a limited Lab experiments suggest a temperature range of 2°C to 30°C required area (<25%) of the Bering Sea. for survival, with an upper limit of 44°C (Quayle 1992; Beckman and Menzies 1960). Sources: Quayle 1992 Beckman and Menzies 1960 NEMESIS; Fofonoff et al. 2003 1.2 Survival requirements - Water salinity Choice: Considerable overlap – A large area (>75%) of the Bering Sea has salinities suitable for year-round survival Score: A 3.75 of 3.75 Ranking Rationale: Background Information: Salinities required for year-round survival occur over a large Experimental data suggests that the salinity threshold for survival of L. (>75%) area of the Bering Sea. tripunctata is 19-50ppt (Quayle 1992). But, when salinity drops below 20 PSU, L. tripunctata is rare or absent (Becker 1971, as qtd. In Fofonoff et al. 2003; Lum 1981). In laboratory settings, optimum range appears to 36-50 PSU (Eltringham 1961; Lum 1981). Sources: Quayle 1992 NEMESIS; Fofonoff et al. 2003 Lum 1981 Eltringham 1961 1.3 Establishment requirements - Water temperature Choice: No overlap – Temperatures required for reproduction do not exist in the Bering Sea Score: D 0 of 3.75 Ranking Rationale: Background Information: Temperatures required for reproduction do not exist in the Bering Experimental studies suggest the temperature threshold for reproduction Sea. of L. tripunctata is 15 to 30°C (Quayle 1992; Beckman and Menzies 1960). Sources: Quayle 1992 Beckman and Menzies 1960 NEMESIS; Fofonoff et al. 2003 Report updated on Wednesday, December 06, 2017 Page 2 of 15 1.4 Establishment requirements - Water salinity Choice: Considerable overlap – A large area (>75%) of the Bering Sea has salinities suitable for reproduction Score: A 3.75 of High uncertainty? 3.75 Ranking Rationale: Background Information: Although salinity thresholds are unknown, this species is a marine No information available in the literature. organism that does not require freshwater to reproduce. We therefore assume that this species can reproduce in saltwater (31 to 35 ppt). These salinities occur in a large (>75%) portion of the Bering Sea. Sources: None listed 1.5 Local ecoregional distribution Choice: Present in an ecoregion greater than two regions away from the Bering Sea Score: D 1.25 of 5 Ranking Rationale: Background Information: Closest known occurrence is on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, from Victoria to Quadra Island (50.2°N). Recorded at various sites throughout the North American West Coast, from BC to Mexico. Sources: NEMESIS; Fofonoff et al. 2003 1.6 Global ecoregional distribution Choice: In many ecoregions globally Score: A 5 of 5 Ranking Rationale: Background Information: Wide global distribution. Native range is unknown. Considered cryptogenic in Asia, where it is widely distributed and found in China, Japan, the Philippines, India, and several Pacific islands including Fiji, Guam, and Papua New Guinea. Recorded in Australia and New Zealand. In Africa, found off the coasts of South Africa, Kenya, and Ghana. In Europe, recorded as far north as the English Channel, south to Italy and France. Recorded in the Adriatic, Mediterranean, and Red Seas, and possibly in the Black Sea. In North America, found on the east coast from Massachusetts to the Caribbean Sea, south to Costa Rica. Also recorded in Uruguay and Argentina. On the West Coast, considered invasive from British Columbia south to the Panama Canal and Hawaii. Sources: NEMESIS; Fofonoff et al. 2003 Report updated on Wednesday, December 06, 2017 Page 3 of 15 1.7 Current distribution trends Choice: History of rapid expansion or long-distance dispersal (prior to the last ten years) Score: B 3.25 of 5 Ranking Rationale: Background Information: Recent documentation of long-distance dispersal and range First described on the West Coast from Los Angeles Harbor, CA in expansion. 1871. Appears to have extended its range north in the later decades of the 20th century. It was not found north of San Francisco in 1950s surveys, which included sampling in Coos Bay, OR and Puget Sound, WA (Menzies 1957; Wallour 1960, as qtd. In Fofonoff et al. 2003). However, it was reported in Coos Bay in 1983 (Carlton 1989, as qtd. In Fofonoff et al. 2003), Yaquina Bay, Willapa Bay and the Straits of Georgia in 1964 (Quayle 1992), and Puget Sound in 1998 (Cohen et al. 1998). Because it requires several weeks of ~15ºC to reproduce, its ability to colonize northern waters is uncertain. Sources: NEMESIS; Fofonoff et al. 2003 Menzies 1957 Quayle 1992 Cohen et al. 1998 Section Total - Scored Points: 18.25 Section Total - Possible Points: 30 Section Total -Data Deficient Points: 0 Report updated on Wednesday, December 06, 2017 Page 4 of 15 2. Anthropogenic Transportation and Establishment 2.1 Transport requirements: relies on use of shipping lanes (hull fouling, ballast water), fisheries, recreation, mariculture, etc. for transport Choice: Has been observed using anthropogenic vectors for transport and transports independent of any anthropogenic vector once Score: A introduced 4 of 4 Ranking Rationale: Background Information: Most occurrences are related to hull fouling and oyster culturing. Its spread is correlated with oyster culturing, although there are at least 5 occurrences in British Columbia that are not related to the oyster culture. It is believed that they are spread through the wooden boxes used to transport oysters (Quayle 1992). Another likely vector is hull fouling. Sources: Quayle 1992 NEMESIS; Fofonoff et al. 2003 2.2 Establishment requirements: relies on marine infrastructure, (e.g. harbors, ports) to establish Choice: Readily establishes in areas with anthropogenic disturbance/infrastructure; occasionally establishes in undisturbed areas Score: B 2.75 of High uncertainty? 4 Ranking Rationale: Background Information: Establishes where there is wood, from either anthropogenic or L. quadripunctata, a closely related species, requires a supply of wood natural sources. Information for this species is lacking. either from fallen trees or humans to establish (Cragg 2010). May limit the ability of wood borers to spread and establish to new sites. Sources: Cragg 2010 2.3 Is this species currently or potentially farmed or otherwise intentionally cultivated? Choice: No Score: B 0 of 2 Ranking Rationale: Background Information: This species is not currently farmed or intentionally cultivated. Sources: None listed Section Total - Scored Points: 6.75 Section Total - Possible Points: 10 Section Total -Data Deficient Points: 0 Report updated on Wednesday, December 06, 2017 Page 5 of 15 3. Biological Characteristics 3.1 Dietary specialization Choice: Generalist or specialist at different life stages and/or foods are moderately available in the study area Score: B 3.25 of 5 Ranking Rationale: Background Information: L. tripunctata is a specialist that eats primarily wood, which may be Digests non-cellulosic carbohydrates in wood, as well as some cellulose. restricting, however, wood as a food source is fairly abundant in Fungi and bacteria found in wood may complement a wood-only diet most environments. (Quayle 1992). Sources: Quayle 1992 3.2 Habitat specialization and water tolerances Does the species use a variety of habitats or tolerate a wide range of temperatures, salinity regimes, dissolved oxygen levels, calcium concentrations, hydrodynamics, pollution, etc? Choice: Requires specialized habitat for some life stages (e.g., reproduction) Score: B 3.25 of 5 Ranking Rationale: Background Information: Requires wood in the environment as food and habitat. L. tripunctata is a shallow water species found from the water surface to 18 m deep. Deeper waters are preferred especially when surface salinity is low or when tidal fluctuation is high. It also prefers estuary benthos where it is commonly found at the bases of pilings (Hiebert 2015). It prefers rough surfaces of softer wood infected with fungi (Becker 1971 as qtd. in Fofonoff et al. 2003). It thrives in creosote treated timber as it harbors a greater number and diversity of bacteria over untreated wood (Quayle 1992). Cannot tolerate turbid waters (Shupe 2012). Sources: Shupe 2012 Hiebert 2015 NEMESIS; Fofonoff et al. 2003 Quayle 1992 3.3 Desiccation tolerance Choice: Moderately tolerant (1-7 days) during one or more stages during its life cycle Score: B 3.25 of 5 Ranking Rationale: Background Information: Limnoria spp.