00a curtis 3e v1 cx2 11/10/10 10:02 AM Page i Constitutional Law in Context 00a curtis 3e v1 cx2 11/10/10 10:02 AM Page ii Carolina Academic Press Law Casebook Series Advisory Board ❦ Gary J. Simson, Chairman Case Western Reserve University School of Law John C. Coffee, Jr. Columbia University Law School Randall Coyne University of Oklahoma College of Law Paul Finkelman Albany Law School Robert M. Jarvis Shepard Broad Law Center Nova Southeastern University Vincent R. Johnson St. Mary’s University School of Law Michael A. Olivas University of Houston Law Center Kenneth L. Port William Mitchell College of Law H. Jefferson Powell George Washington University Law School Michael P. Scharf Case Western Reserve University School of Law Peter M. Shane Michael E. Moritz College of Law The Ohio State University Emily L. Sherwin Cornell Law School John F. Sutton, Jr. Emeritus, University of Texas School of Law David B. Wexler James E. Rogers College of Law, University of Arizona University of Puerto Rico School of Law 00a curtis 3e v1 cx2 11/10/10 10:02 AM Page iii Constitutional Law in Context Third Edition Volume 1 Michael Kent Curtis Wake Forest University School of Law J. Wilson Parker Wake Forest University School of Law Davison M. Douglas William & Mary School of Law Paul Finkelman Albany Law School William G. Ross Samford University, Cumberland School of Law Carolina Academic Press Durham, North Carolina 00a curtis 3e v1 cx2 11/10/10 10:02 AM Page iv Copyright © 2003, 2006, 2011 Michael Kent Curtis, J. Wilson Parker, Davison M. Douglas, Paul Finkelman, and William G. Ross All Rights Reserved ISBN: 978-1-59460-811-7 LCCN: 2010934323 Carolina Academic Press 700 Kent Street Durham, North Carolina 27701 Telephone (919) 489-7486 Fax (919) 493-5668 www.cap-press.com Printed in the United States of America 00a curtis 3e v1 final 11/11/10 8:41 AM Page v Summary of Contents List of Charts and Diagrams vii Table of Cases ix Table of Authorities xxvii Permissions xxxiii A Timeline of American Constitutional History xxxv Justices of the U.S. Supreme Court lxxi Chapter 1 • An Introduction to American Constitutional Law 3 I. The Articles of Confederation 5 II. The Constitution of the United States of America 6 III. The Constitution: Institutions, Powers, and Limits 20 IV. What Is Constitutional Law? 21 V. On Reading the Constitution 32 VI. A Problem for Constitutional Analysis: The Clinton Impeachment 40 Chapter 2 • National Power: Article I and the Powers and Limits of Congress 61 I. Implied Congressional Power: Its Nature and Extent 64 II. The Commerce Clause: A Delegated Power 97 III. Ducking the Issue: Statutory Construction as a Means of Avoiding Constitutional Interpretation 218 IV. Other Delegated Sources of National Power: The Power to Spend, the War Power, and the Treaty Power 225 Chapter 3 • Limits on Federal Power: The Federal Structure, the 10th Amendment, and State Sovereign Immunity 247 I. National Power and State Power: The 10th Amendment 249 State Intergovernmental Immunity and the 10th Amendment 252 II. National Power and State Power: State Sovereign Immunity 284 III. The Rehnquist Court 304 Chapter 4 • Powers and Limits of the Federal Courts 309 I. Federal Judicial Review 311 II. Congressional Control over Federal Judicial Review 357 III. Justiciability 364 v 00a curtis 3e v1 final 11/11/10 8:41 AM Page vi vi SUMMARY OF CONTENTS Chapter 5 • The Role of the President 437 I. The Scope of Executive Power 439 II. The President as Commander-in-Chief 465 III. Appointments and the Separation of Powers 476 IV. Executive Privilege: Judicial Immunities 479 Chapter 6 • Limits on State Power: Preemption, the Dormant Commerce Clause, and the Privileges and Immunities Clause 507 I. Preemption 509 II. The Dormant Commerce Clause 540 III. The Privileges and Immunities Clause of Article IV 610 IV. Special Considerations: The World Trade Organization and the North American Free Trade Agreement 620 Chapter 7 • The Incorporation of the Bill of Rights 625 I. Introduction 627 II. Application of the Bill of Rights to the States: 1791–1833 637 III. From Barron to the Adoption of the 14th Amendment: The Pre-Civil War Background 640 IV. The Drafting of the 14th Amendment 661 V. Applying Methods of Interpretation to the 14th Amendment’s First Section 684 VI. Reconstruction and the Initial Judicial Response 686 VII. The Bill of Rights and Incorporation after Slaughter-House 709 VIII.Incorporation: Approaches, Effects, and Further Thoughts 730 IX. The Warren Court 732 X. A Short Note on Political Transformation: 1948–2008 737 XI. The Roberts Court and Incorporation 742 Chapter 8 • Substantive Due Process 785 I. Introduction 787 II. A Model of Substantive Due Process Analysis 796 III. Liberty and Economic Rights 799 IV. The Origins of Substantive Protection for Non-Economic Rights 834 V. Liberty and Sexual Privacy 844 VI. Liberty and the Family 912 VII. Liberty and Sexual Autonomy: Restrictions on Private Sexual Behavior 926 VIII.Liberty and the “Right” to Die 967 IX. The Takings Clause 986 Index 1011 00a curtis 3e v1 final 11/11/10 1:43 PM Page vii List of Charts and Diagrams Chapter 2 Commerce Clause Graphic Portrayals Neither congress nor the states have legislated 98 Congress and the states legislate exercising concurrent powers 99 Preemption 100 Congress legislates and turns power over to the states by providing that each state’s rule shall become the federal rule 101 Affirmative constitutional limitations on federal commerce power 102 Truism view of the 10th Amendment 102 Dual sovereignty view of the 10th Amendment 103 Chapter 4 The American Judicial System: A Graphic Portrayal 312 Independent and Adequate State Ground: Appeal or Petition for Certiorari from State Court to U.S. Supreme Court 356 Chapter 6 Dormant Commerce Clause: Two Types of Analysis 544 Analylsis of Article IV, §2 Privileges and Immunities Claim 613 Dormant Commerce Clause 614 Article IV Privileges and Immunities Clause 614 Chapter 7 Approaches to Application of the Bill of Rights to the States: A Graphic Portrayal 730 Chapter 8 Substantive Due Process Analysis: Harm and Trait 797 Full Model of Substantive Due Process Analysis 800 vii 00a curtis 3e v1 cx2 11/10/10 10:02 AM Page viii 00a curtis 3e v1 cx2 11/10/10 10:02 AM Page ix Table of Cases Primary cases are printed in bold and the page number is also bold. Note cases and cases discussed in notes by the authors have the page numbers indicated, but are not in bold. Page numbers are not listed for cases that are cited in primary cases and in note cases. A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United Altria Group, Inc. v. Good, 129 S. Ct. 538 States, 295 U.S. 495 (1935), 191, 441 (2008), 539 Abbott Laboratories v. Gardner, 387 U.S. American Power Light Co. v. SEC, 329 U.S. 136 (1967), 430 90 (1946), 441 Ableman v. Booth, 62 U.S. (21 How.) 506 American Trucking Associations, Inc. v. (1859), 349 United States Environmental Protec - Adair v. United States, 208 U.S. 161 (1908), tion Agency, 195 F.3d 4 (D.C. Cir. 141, 148, 191 1999), 437, 439, 440, 444 Adamson v. California, 332 U.S. 46 (1947) , American Yearbook Co. v. Askew, 339 F. 626, 635, 716, 720, 725, 727, 756, 917 Supp. 719 (M.D. Fla.1972), 603 Addyston Pipe Steel Co. v. United States, Americans United for Separation of Church 175 U.S. 211 (1899), 127 and State, Inc. v. United States Dep’t Adkins v. Children’s Hospital, 261 U.S. 525 of Health Education and Welfare, 619 (1923), 143, 157, 820, 837, 874, 885, F.2d 252 (3rd Cir. 1980), 386, 395, 396, 917, 918, 984 400, 413 Aetna Health Care v. Davila, 542 U.S. 200 Anderson v. Dunn, 19 U.S. (6 Wheat.) 204 (2004), 536 (1821), 266 Agins v. Tiburon, 447 U.S. 255 (1980), 991, Andrus v. Allard, 444 U.S. 51 (1979), 995, 997, 998, 1003 1002, 1009 Agostini v. Felton, 521 U.S. 203 (1997), 306 Apodaca v. Oregon, 406 U.S. 404 (1972), Aguilar v. Felton, 473 U.S. 402 (1985), 306 729, 771 Air Courier Conference of America v. Amer - Aptheker v. Secretary of State, 378 U.S. 500 ican Postal Workers Union, AFL-CIO, (1964), 891 498 U.S. 517 (1991), 430 Arizona v. California, 373 U.S. 546 (1963), Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive 462 Health, Inc., 462 U.S. 416 (1983), 869, Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Hous - 885 ing Dev. Corp., 429 U.S. 252 (1977), Alden v. Maine, 527 U.S. 706 (1999) , 247, 424, 579 273, 284–286, 302, 303, 305, 527, 743 Armstrong v. United States, 364 U.S. 40 Alexander v. Louisiana, 405 U.S. 625 (1972), (1960), 1003, 1009 729 Asbell v. Kansas, 209 U.S. 251 (1908), 588, Allen v. Wright, 468 U.S. 737 (1984), 404, 589 412, 423 Ashby v. White (Eng. Q.B. 1702), 301 Allgeyer v. Louisiana, 165 U.S. 578 (1897), Ashcraft v. Tennessee, 322 U.S. 143 (1944), 131, 788, 809, 837, 984 719 ix 00a curtis 3e v1 cx2 11/10/10 10:02 AM Page x x TABLE OF CASES Ashwander v. Tennessee Valley Authority, Berea College v. Kentucky, 211 U.S. 45 297 U.S. 288 (1936), 365 (1908), 365 Association of Data Processing Service Or - Berman v. Parker, 348 U.S. 26 (1954), 1005 ganizations, Inc. v. Camp, 397 U.S. 150 Bessette v. People, 193 Ill. 334 (1901), 812 (1970), 429 Bibb v.