University of Southern Denmark A consumption-based, regional input-output analysis of greenhouse gas emissions and the carbon regional index Boyd, Britta; Mangalagiu, Diana; Straatman, Bas ; Rasmussen, Steen ; Rathje, Peter Published in: International Journal of Environmental Technology and Management DOI: 10.1504/IJETM.2018.092559 Publication date: 2018 Document version: Final published version Citation for pulished version (APA): Boyd, B., Mangalagiu, D., Straatman, B., Rasmussen, S., & Rathje, P. (2018). A consumption-based, regional input-output analysis of greenhouse gas emissions and the carbon regional index. International Journal of Environmental Technology and Management, 21(1/2), 1-36. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJETM.2018.092559 Go to publication entry in University of Southern Denmark's Research Portal Terms of use This work is brought to you by the University of Southern Denmark. Unless otherwise specified it has been shared according to the terms for self-archiving. 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Environmental Technology and Management, Vol. 21, Nos. 1/2, 2018 1 A consumption-based, regional input-output analysis of greenhouse gas emissions and the carbon regional index Bas Straatman Initiative for Science, Society and Policy (ISSP), University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark and The Institute for Energy, Environment and Economy (ISEEE), University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada Email: [email protected] Britta Boyd Department of Entrepreneurship and Relationship Management, University of Southern Denmark, Sønderborg, Denmark Email: [email protected] Diana Mangalagiu NEOMA Business School, 1 Rue du Maréchal Juin, 76130 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France Email: [email protected] Peter Rathje ProjectZero, Alsion 2, Sønderborg, Denmark Email: [email protected] Christian Eriksen NIRAS A/S, Sortemosevej 19, 3450 Allerød, Denmark Email: [email protected] Copyright © 2018 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd. 2 B. Straatman et al. Bjarne Madsen, Irena Stefaniak and Morten Jensen Center for Regional and Tourism Research, Copenhagen, Denmark Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Steen Rasmussen* Center for Fundamental Living Technology (FLinT) and Initiative for Science, Society and Policy (ISSP), University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark and Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87501, USA Email: [email protected] *Corresponding author Abstract: This paper presents a consumption-based method accounting for greenhouse gas emissions at regional level based on a multi-region input-output model. The method is based on regional consumption and includes imports and exports of emissions, factual emission developments, green investments as well as low carbon development policies. We comparatively analyse three regional case studies in Denmark and show how regional initiatives implemented to reduce emissions are translated into easy to access input-output parameter changes and how the method transparently assesses the impact of various long-term regional climate plans on emissions. For the comparative analysis we further develop a carbon regional index (CRI), which delineates five key dimensions that define past, current and planned regional and embedded emissions. The method can form a basis for regional climate policies, promote the export of solutions from one region to another and enable policy-makers to observe good practices and test them at regional level before potential implementation on a larger scale. Keywords: regional input-output analysis; carbon footprint; emissions import and export; regional comparison; carbon regional index; CRI; comparative benchmarking; Denmark. Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Straatman, B., Boyd, B., Mangalagiu, D., Rathje, P., Eriksen, C., Madsen, B., Stefaniak, I., Jensen, M. and Rasmussen, S. (2018) ‘A consumption-based, regional input-output analysis of greenhouse gas emissions and the carbon regional index’, Int. J. Environmental Technology and Management, Vol. 21, Nos. 1/2, pp.1–36. Biographical notes: Bas Straatman has been modelling complex systems throughout his career, but since early 2011, he has been focused on emission and energy systems modelling. Three key projects he has been involved in A consumption-based, regional input-output analysis 3 since then are the development of a consumption-based emission accounting method for regions, the development and use of the Canadian Energy Systems Simulation (CanESS) model to study the past, present and possible future energy systems of Canada, and the use of CityInSight, a community energy and emissions model with integrated spatially-explicit land-use and transportation components, and stocks-and-flows accounting. His other work has involved spatial decision support models and models of evolutionary dynamics in economics. He holds a Master in Mathematics and a PhD in Geography. Britta Boyd is an Associate Professor for Business Economics at the University of Southern Denmark and Adjunct Professor at Beijing Institute of Technology. She has published articles in international journals and books within her research interests of family business, entrepreneurship strategy, international marketing and sustainable management. At the University of Southern Denmark she mainly teaches on international marketing, business marketing, corporate social responsibility and entrepreneurship. Diana Mangalagiu is a Professor at NEOMA Business School, France. She has a dual background in both natural and social sciences holding a PhD in Artificial Intelligence from the Ecole Polytechnique (France) and four MSc in the fields of physics, microelectronics, sociology, and management. She has two decades of research and advising experience in sustainability and environmental and economic policies in corporate and public policy settings addressed through modelling, stakeholder-based inquiry and foresight. She authored scientific articles in journals such as Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Regional Environmental Change and Futures and leads and participates in research projects and advisory boards with national and regional governments, companies and international organisations. She co-founded the Initiative for Science, Society and Policy Dialogue and co-chaired the GEO 6 Pan-European Environmental Outlook, UN Environment. Peter Rathje is a Managing Director of ProjectZero, a public-private partnership focused on turning Sønderborg ZEROcarbon by 2029. Before he worked as Managing Director for companies such as RIT Technologies in the USA, Arcodan and Agramkow. He is involved in various research projects and global networks such as the Clinton Climate Positive Development Project or clean energy ministerial. Christian Eriksen is a Senior Consultant at the consulting firm NIRAS A/S. He obtained his MSc in Mechatronic Engineering from the Mads Clausen Institute at The University of Southern Denmark, Sønderborg, Denmark. His primary fields of interest are renewables, industrial ecology and sustainable development. Bjarne Madsen received a degree in Economics from the University of Aarhus in 1981 and he was academic official in The Ministry for Economic Affairs and the Interior until 1986, Director of Research at KORA, the Danish Institute for Local and Regional Government Research until 2006, Director of Research and Full Professor at Center for Regional and Tourism Research until 2018, when he retired. In 2009 he received the doctorate degree Dr.Scient., in Geography/Regional Economics, which is the highest degree awarded by Copenhagen University. His field of research is accounting and modelling regional economic systems, regional economics, public sector economics, tourism and transport economics and building and using regional economic models, social accounting matrices (SAM) as well as Satellite Accounts in his research. 4 B. Straatman et al. Irena Stefaniak works as a consultant at Centre for Regional and Tourism Research (CRT) since 2016. Currently she is working in SAS programming and modelling in Input Output model LINE. She prepares and builds special and aggregated versions in ALFRED system based on the data. She is teaching and educating in registered data and programming. Morten Jensen is a student at University of Copenhagen, he was working part time at Center for Regional and Tourism Research. His work was focused on population movement between municipalities in Denmark including the migration patterns of families as a function of education. He helped prepare municipal data to support the calculations in current project as well as provide ad hoc data exercise to the project. Steen Rasmussen is a Center Director and Professor in Physics at the University of Southern Denmark, and External Research Professor at the Santa Fe Institute (SFI). In 1988–2007, he was a Research Scientist at Los Alamos National Laboratory USA, 2004 he co-founded the European Center for Living Technology (ECLT) Venice Italy, and late 2007 he returned to Denmark and is in his current position. In 2009, he founded