ENSURING FAIR ACCESS TO PRECISE POSITIONING BY IMPROVING GEODETIC DATA INTERCHANGE STANDARDS Ivana Ivánová, Curtin University Nicholas Brown, Geoscience Australia Eldar Rubinov, FrontierSI Roger Fraser, Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, Victoria Nuddin Tengku, Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, Victoria September 2020 0 Table of Contents LIST OF DEFINITIONS .................................................................................................................................. 5 LIST OF ACRONYMS ...................................................................................................................................... 6 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................. 7 1. USER REQUIREMENTS FOR PRECISE POSITIONING DATA ................................................................... 8 1.1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 8 1.2. Current users of precise positioning data and their expectations ............................................ 8 1.2.1. How do ‘new’ end-users consume GNSS? ...................................................................... 10 1.2.2. End-user requirements for metadata and standards ....................................................... 11 1.2.3. Insights to GNSS user satisfaction ................................................................................. 12 1.2.4. Snapshot of GNSS trends for the next decade ................................................................ 14 1.3. Standards: a key element in spatial information infrastructure .............................................. 16 2. FAIRNESS OF CURRENT GEODETIC STANDARDS ............................................................................... 17 2.1. What is FAIR and why does it matter? ............................................................................... 17 2.1.1. The FAIR guiding principles .......................................................................................... 18 2.1.2. FAIR Digital Objects and FAIR ecosystem ...................................................................... 19 2.2. FAIR is a scale ................................................................................................................. 20 2.3. Few examples of FAIR resources ....................................................................................... 21 2.3.1. FAIR international ....................................................................................................... 21 2.3.2. FAIR Australia ............................................................................................................. 22 2.3.3. FAIR assessment metrics and tools ............................................................................... 22 2.4. FAIR and the ‘geocommunity’ ............................................................................................ 23 2.5. Geodetic data and metadata standards evaluation support for FAIR ..................................... 23 2.6. Core metadata from GA Profile Extension for ISO 19115-1:2014, version 2.0......................... 25 2.6.1. FAIRness of geodetic metadata and data records as currently provided to the end-users ... 27 2.6.2. FAIRness of geodetic data records as intended to be provided in the future ..................... 28 3. TOWARDS FAIR GEODETIC STANDARDS........................................................................................... 31 3.1. Support of end-user requirements in current geodetic standards .......................................... 31 3.2. Critical gaps in current geodetic standards.......................................................................... 33 3.3. Metadata – crucial element for ensuring FAIRness .............................................................. 43 3.4. Providing the right metadata for the right user ................................................................... 45 3.4.1. Extending metadata in a standard compliant way ........................................................... 45 3.4.2. Ensuring end-user sector relevant metadata exposure in data interchange ....................... 46 4. GEODESYML: A SOLUTION FOR FAIR GEODETIC DATA INTERCHANGE .............................................. 48 1 Ensuring FAIR access to precise positioning by improving geodetic data interchange standards 4.1. eGeodesy and GeodesyML – background, context and current status .................................... 48 4.2. GNSS value chain to deliver data from satellite to end-user .................................................. 53 4.3. eGeodesy – What works well and areas in need of improvement .......................................... 55 4.4. GeodesyML and its compatibility with current standards ...................................................... 56 5. SUMMARY AND WAY FORWARD ....................................................................................................... 59 6. REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................... 60 LIST OF ADDITIONAL RESOURCES USED IN THE REVIEW .......................................................... 65 DETAILED REPORTS ON METADATA REQUIREMENTS AND POTENTIAL GNSS APPLICATIONS ...... 66 STANDARDS IN ACTION ........................................................................................................... 78 C.1. Example 1: Finding and accessing spatial data on the internet ............................................. 78 C.2. Example 2: Providing addresses for Australian business and governments ............................. 80 C.3. Example 3: Representing geometry for lossless data exchange ............................................ 83 C.4. Example 4: Extracting spatial data to fit user’s area and topic of interest .............................. 85 C.5. Example 5: Accurate and reliable delivery of GPS data......................................................... 88 FAIRNESS EVALUATION OF GA’S METADATA RECORD WITH METADIG ....................................... 91 OVERVIEW OF AVAILABLE GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION METADATA STANDARDS ....................... 92 2 Ensuring FAIR access to precise positioning by improving geodetic data interchange standards List of Figures Figure 1: Performance expectation per sector (from GSA, 2019). ................................................... 15 Figure 2: Global GNSS revenue from the installed base (from GSA, 2019). ...................................... 15 Figure 3: Monthly average FAIRness scores across metadata records (Jones & Slaughter, 2019) ...... 20 Figure 4: Resource identification information and related obligation as defined in GA (2014). ........... 43 Figure 5: Missing identification of resources related to ‘Geodesy – Continuously Operating’ product. 44 Figure 6: Landing page for human metadata consumption with link to related products. .................. 44 Figure 7: Navigating to the digital resource of interest advertised by the metadata. ......................... 45 Figure 8: Relationship between comprehensive, minimum and community metadata (ISO, 2014). .... 46 Figure 9: GNSS information flow (source: Geoscience Australia). .................................................... 49 Figure 10: GNSS organisations interacting with data providers and consumers (Bohler et al., 2017). 49 Figure 11: Part of the response to a request for site information. ................................................... 50 Figure 12: The 'monumentInfo' package of GeodesyML v 0.5. ........................................................ 51 Figure 13: Encapsulation of standards for encoding Geodetic and GNSS data (PCG, 2015). .............. 52 Figure 14: Example of site tie accuracy encoding with GeodesyML v 0.5. ........................................ 53 Figure 15: Downstream GNSS value chain (GSA, 2019). ................................................................ 54 Figure 16: GNSS powered farm machinery guidance system (GSA, 2018). ...................................... 54 Figure 17: Requirements for GNSS powered farm guidance system (GSA, 2018). ............................ 55 Figure 18: Current eGeodesy support (highlighted) in the GNSS value chain (GSA, 2019). ................ 56 Figure 19: Quest for spatial data without standards. ..................................................................... 78 Figure 20: Search for spatial data of interest with standards in place. ............................................. 79 Figure 21. Efficient spatial data discovery and access. ................................................................... 79 Figure 22: Standards in action for efficient spatial data discovery and access. ................................. 80 Figure 23: Taking care of state and national addresses. ............................................................... 81 Figure 24: Standards in action for access to authoritative address data. ......................................... 82 Figure 25: Many formats resulting to many different representations. ............................................. 83 Figure 26: WKT representation of geometry results in an accurate representation of the object. ....... 84 Figure 27: Taking care of state and national addresses. ................................................................ 84 Figure 28: Standards in action