DUDLEY KNOX LIBRARY NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIF. 93940 NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL Monterey, California - THESIS SPAIN AND MOROCCO: THE SPANISH ENCLAVES IN NORTH AFRICA, POTENTIAL MEDITERRANEAN SECURITY DILEMMA by Richard H. Porritt, Jr. December 1982 Thesis Advisors: R. H. S. Stolfi D. P. Burke Approved for public release, distribution unlimited T Us Unclassified SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS »*OI (**>*> Of I«i«mO READ INSTRUCTIONS REPORT DOCUMENTAT10N PAGE BEFORE COMPLETINC FORM » KICi'itNT'S CATALOG NUMBER f rIrort numiir 2. OOVT ACCESSION MO. s. tyrc of report * perioo covCRto 4. title fan* Sumtlif) Master's Thesis Spain and Morocco: The Spanish Enclaves in December 1982 North Africa, Potential Mediterranean Security « PERFORMING OUC. REPORT NUMBER Dilemma • CONTRACT OR GRANT NLMBERf*) . AUTmOMi'U Richard H. Porritt, Jr. and aooress tO. RROGRAM ELEMENT. PROJECT. TASK "i performing organization mSm AREA A WORK UNIT NUMBERS Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, California 93940 12. REPORT DATE II CONTROLLING O^lCI NAME AND AOORESS December 1982 School Naval Postgraduate 11. NUMBER OF PAGES Monterey, California 93940 187 CmntftUn* OUtcm) IS. SECURITY CLASS. >ol Ihlm rm+ori) U. MONITORING AGENCY NAME * AOORESSflf SmmbM Irom Unclassified IS*. DECLASSIFICATION/ DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE I*. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (ml tM* H»P*tl) Approved for public release, distribution unlimited. «*•"•*« •trarwd In Slock 30. II <tltl»rmnt lr*m Hmpoft) 17. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (•! tmm 18. SURRLCMENTARY NOTES nmcmmmmrr ImmntHy mr •!•«* ntmm+r) it. KEY WOROS (Conttnv «-» ?•»•»•• •(«• H BM Enclaves, Spain, Morocco, Gibraltar, Mediterranean, NATO, Ceuta, Mel ill a, Strait of Gibraltar, chokepoints, Spanish/Moroccan relations, U.S. /Spanish relations, U.S. /Moroccan relations, Soviet/Moroccan relations, naval strategy, U.S. /Arab relations, Arab/European relations, Falklands, North Africa. *•*••••** •** imrmtiiv *r «•«« 20. abstract fSSSSmm •* tmmSi •«•• " Two Western Mediterranean/North African issues which receive a great deal of attention are the Gibraltar question between Spain and Britain, and the Western Sahara Question between Morocco and the Sahrawi Arab Democratic issues, Republic (SADR). With a significant change in either one of these publicity— a more obscure regional issue is likely to surface and gain more oahara the status of Spain's enclaves in North Africa. A settlement in tne would allow Morocco to redirect its efforts to the Strait of Gibraltar area. o»*oi-* Te '1**71 c°< T'o* or ' MOV • '• DO , 1473 Unclassified Omi. Mmtmd) S/N 0105-0I4-6S01 SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS RAOE (**— 1 Unclassified Socwmr* CtH|i»'Ct"0>i o* Twit »«Q»r»«.— na(a «... Furthermore, King Hassan II of Morocco has said that a change in the status of Gibraltar will presage a change in the status of the Spanish enclaves. Spain's military historically has had a large stake in the enclaves, however, Spain's Socialists vowed even before the 1982 elections to keep the enclaves Spanish. What is the nature of these Spanish enclaves today? Why do they continue relations to exist? What is their historical origin? What is the status of between Spain and Morocco? What are the superpower stakes in the region? How does one systematically look at enclave situations and similar territorial disputes in the 1980s, and in the recent past? Answers to these questions represent the focus of this study. 1473 DD Unclassified , ftS^iJan .3 , S/Nv] 0102-014-6601 »ecu«i»v cl ami ^cation a* tnii *»aerw»~ o.r. *»..'•*> Approved for public release, distribution unlimited. Spain and Morocco: The Spanish Enclaves in North Africa, Potential Mediterranean Security Dilemma by Richard H. Porritt, Jr. Lieutenant Commander, United States Navy B.A., Hartwick College, 1970 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN NATIONAL SECURITY AFFAIRS from the NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL December 1932 DUDLEY KNOX I NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIF. 93940 ABSTRACT Two Western Mediterranean/North African issues which receive a great deal of attention are the Gibraltar question between Spain and Britain, and the Western Sahara question between Morocco and the Sahrawi Arab Demo- cratic Republic (SADR) . With a significant change in either one of these issues, a more obscure regional issue is likely to surface and gain more publicity— the status of Spain's enclaves in North Africa. A settlement in the Sahara would allow Morocco to redirect its efforts to the Strait of Gibraltar area. Furthermore, King Hassan II of Morocco has said that a change in the status of Gibraltar will presage a change in the status of the Spanish enclaves. Spain's military historically has had a large stake in the enclaves, however, Spain's Socialists vowed even before the 1982 elections to keep the enclaves Spanish. What is the nature of these Spanish enclaves today? Why do they continue to exist? What is their historical origin? What is the status of relations between Spain and Morocco? What are the superpower stakes in the region? How does one systematically look at enclave situations and similar territorial disputes in the 1980s, and in the recent past? Answers to these questions represent the focus of this study. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF MAPS 8 LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS 9 LIST OF FIGURES 10 I. BACKGROUND AND POTENTIAL IMPORTANCE OF THE ENCLAVES 15 A. SETTING 1 B. THE EVENTS OF THE EARLY 1980'S 17 C. CONTRIBUTORY CIRCUMSTANCES 18 D. 1975 AND 1982-83: SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES 20 E. THE IMPACT OF THE FALKLANDS ON THE STRAIT OF GIBRALTAR 23 II. THE ENCLAVES 26 A. GENERAL 26 B. CEUTA 35 1 Geography and Natural Resources 35 2. People 40 3. Government 47 4. Armed Forces 49 5. Economy 50 6. Communications 60 7. Religion, Education, and Health 62 C. MELILLA 63 1. People 69 2. Armed Forces 73 3. Government 75 5 4. Natural Resources 75 5. Commerce 76 6. Communications 30 7. Religion, Education, and Health 83 D. THE MINOR ENCLAVES 84 1. Penon de Velez de la Gomera 38 2. Alhucemas Island 38 3. Chafarinas Islands 92 III. HISTORY OF THE ENCLAVES 95 A. GENERAL 95 B. CURRENT SITUATION 106 IV. SPAIN AND MOROCCO COMPARED Ill A. A STRATEGIC-GEOGRAPHIC COMPARISON Ill 1. Pure Geography 111 2. People 113 3. Technology 114 4. Natural Resources 114 5. Production 116 B. MILITARY COMPARISON 119 C. SPAIN'S INTERNAL PROBLEMS 120 D. MOROCCO'S INTERNAL PROBLEMS 122 V. SPAIN, MOROCCO AND THE SUPERPOWERS 125 A. INTERACTION BETWEEN SPAIN AND MOROCCO 125 B. THE UNITED STATES' INTERESTS IN THE REGION 131 C. SOVIET INTERESTS IN THE REGION 133 D. SUMMARY 1 37 6 . VI. WORLD ENCLAVES: A FRAMEWORK FOR COMPARISON 139 A. CONSIDERATIONS FOR CLASSIFICATION 141 B SAMPLE 1 45 C. WORLD ENCLAVES COMPARED 147 D. ANOTHER SCHEME OF CLASSIFICATION 152 E. COMMON INCOMPLETE COMPARISONS OF THE SPANISH ENCLAVES 153 F. GENERAL ENCLAVE AND TERRITORIAL CONSIDERATIONS 158 VII. CONCLUSIONS 161 A. THE FIVE SPANISH ENCLAVES 161 B. SPANISH AND MOROCCAN STABILITY 165 C. SOVIET OPPORTUNITIES 167 APPENDIX A. SELECTED MINERAL RESOURCE COMPARISONS OF SPAIN AND MOROCCO 170 APPENDIX B. WORLD ENCLAVES AND TERRITORIES SEPARATED FROM THE TRADITIONAL MAINLAND OF THE MOTHER COUNTRY 171 APPENDIX C. SELECTED WORLD ENCLAVES COMPARED 172 LIST OF REFERENCES 173 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 181 INITIAL DISTRIBUTION LIST 185 LIST OF MAPS 1. World Map Showing Spain and Morocco H 2. Spain and Morocco 12 3. Spain's Costa del Sol and Morocco's Cote du Riff 13 4. Strait of Gibraltar 14 5. Spain and Morocco at the Strait of Gibraltar and Alboran Sea with Enclaves (Detail) 25 6. Strait of Gibraltar Between Gibraltar and Ceuta (Detail) — 36 7. Ceuta (Detail) 37 3. Mel ilia (Detail) 64 9. Penon de Velez de la Gomera (Detail) 85 10. Alhucemas Island (Detail) — - 89 11. Chafarinas Islands (Detail) — — 93 12. Dates of Acquisition 13. Morocco as Shown on Official Tourist Brochure 124 8 LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS 1. Coastal Terrain Typical of Riff Coast 33 2. Ceuta 38 3. Santa Maria de la Paz Ferry 52 4. Mel ilia 65 5. Mel ilia: Spanish Port Facility 66 6. Mel ilia Harbor: Moroccan Port Facility 67 7. Penon de Velez de la Gomera 86 8. Penon de Velez Showing Sand Bar Connection 87 9. Alhucemas Island 91 10. Chafarinas Islands 94 11. Cover of Espana en sus Heroes W1 12. Cover of Espana en sus Heroes 102 13. Cover of Espana en sus Heroes ^3 14. Back Cover of Espana en sus Heroes '^4 LIST OF FIGURES 1. Isolated Technological Comparisons of Spain and .Morocco 115 2. A Strategic-Geographic Comparison 118 10 <u O e rtJ 4-> </» <a +J t/> <TJ UJ , (/> o • u =3 u O 01 i- g o -t-> 2: c -0 a> c ai HJ M2 gj <U •p- -Q 03 *—* a. >> • co (TJ (/I 3 <U C7>- T3 C •f- (TJ fM E -— 2 O - o> J= i. c C/l (T3 -i- 4-J Q. a. r— Q. TJ trs •*- 51 i- x: J3 </) TJ— •^ S_ •P" O <+- -M 3 c <o 4J .— • •f- 4-> r"» fo <c J- a. »-> ^: ITS 00 »-> ST u OJ .c -z. •»-> ai <+- -0 "- s_ l/> -t-> 0) (/I TJ (TJ •^ (/> * "+- OJ <— 4-> 3 •r- O to c C eo Q.-I- O </» S_ C 0) 0. n Map 2. Spain and Morocco T2 </> ITSO l/> "oo a o - o c o -o <T3 +-» to oo Q. on a. > o 00 13 It S_ (O r +J r"*» s fo I- . ^L s_ J3 ; ; . '1 i, j V" |- X. c: **- •t k 1 ° ^t «-> k •^ ';/ <o a. (T3 14 I. BACKGROUND AND POTENTIAL IMPORTANCE OF THE ENCLAVES A. SETTING During the past twelve centuries, Spain and North Africa periodically have shifted political boundaries, and such shifting has resulted today in a bizarre intermingling of North and South.