Fisheries in Transition 50 Interviews with the Fishing Sector Report commissioned by The Prince’s Charities’ International Sustainability Unit February 2012 Fisheries in Transition 50 Interviews with the Fishing Sector Report commissioned by The Prince’s Charities’ International Sustainability Unit February 2012 Acknowledgements I would like to thank all the industry and fishery representatives that gave their time to take part in the interviews and share their knowledge and expertise. It was fascinating to speak with those working to improve their fisheries with many years of experience as a fisherman or working within the industry. I would also like to thank the many organisations that either helped in providing contacts, setting up interviews or assisting with translations. I was fortunate to work with a fantastic team in compiling the case studies, and I would like to thank ISU for their support and guidance as well as Soapbox for their professional design. Citation: Tindall, C (2012) Fisheries in Transition: 50 Interviews with the Fishing Sector Interviews compiled by: • Charlotte Tindall • Andrew Purvis • Sally Frankcom • Sandy Davies • Mark Ssemakula • Per Erik Bergh Contents Acronyms 5 Global overview of case studies 6 Summary 8 PART 1: INTERVIEW THEMES 9 1 Benefits of change 10 1.1 Economic, social and environmental benefits 10 1.2 Trade-offs 10 2 Drivers of change 12 2.1 Crisis 12 2.2 Awareness 12 2.3 Market demand 12 2.4 Sustainability for future generations 12 3 Tools for change 13 3.1 Rights-based fisheries management 13 3.2 Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) 14 3.3 Improved selectivity 15 3.4 Addressing IUU 15 3.5 Certification 15 4 Enablers of change 16 4.1 Partnerships 16 4.2 Governance 16 4.2.1 Legislative framework 16 4.2.2 Participation and representation 16 4.2.3 Organisational development 17 4.2.4 Cost recovery 17 4.3 Recognition for fishers 17 5 Conclusions 18 PART 2: INTERVIEWS FROM 50 FISHERIES 19 Index 20 Symbol key 21 Asia Ashtamudi Short Neck Clam Fishery 22 Indonesian Blue Swimming Crab Fishery 23 Indonesian Sardine Fishery 24 Kyoto Prefecture Snow Crab Fishery 25 Negros Island Community Fisheries 26 Russian Sakhalin Salmon Fishery 27 Ben Tre Clam Fishery 28 Oceania Australian Northern Prawn Fishery 29 Australian Spencer Gulf Prawn Fishery 30 Fijian Subsistence Fisheries 31 Fisheries in Transition 3 Contents cont. New Zealand Fisheries 33 Parties to the Nauru Agreement (PNA) Tuna Fishery 34 North America Bahamian Spiny Lobster Fishery 35 British Columbian Spiny Dogfish Fishery 36 Baja California Red Rock Lobster Fishery 37 Alaskan Bering Sea Crab Fishery 38 California Morro Bay Groundfish Fishery 40 Gulf of Mexico Red Snapper Fishery 41 New England’s Eliminator trawl 42 New England Groundfish & Scallop Fishery 43 West Coast Pacific Albacore Tuna Fishery 44 Alaskans Own 45 North Pacific Halibut Fishery 47 South America Chilean Loco Fishery 48 Bahia Solano Community Fishery 49 Ecuadorian Mahi-mahi Fishery 50 Peruvian Anchovy Fishery 51 Surinamese Atlantic Seabob Shrimp Fishery 52 Europe Baltic Sea Cod Fishery 54 Prud’hommes de la Pêche: Community fisheries along the Mediterranean Coast 55 Icelandic Groundfish Fishery 57 Isle of Man Scallop Fishery 58 Norwegian Discard Ban 59 Lira Coastal Community Fishery 60 Brixham Beam Trawl Fishery 61 Cornish Sardine Fishery 62 Scottish Groundfish Fishery 64 Scottish Pelagic Fishery 65 Africa Gambian Red and Black Sole Fishery 67 Malagasy Octopus Fishery 68 Malagasy Shrimp Fishery 69 Mozambican Fisheries Surveillance 70 Mozambican Shallow Water Shrimp Fishery 71 Namibian Fisheries 72 Seychelles Hook and Line Fishery 73 Sierra Leone Community Fisheries 74 South African Hake Fishery 76 South African Rock Lobster Fishery 77 Zanzibar’s Village Fishermen Committees 78 Antarctic Patagonian and Antarctic Toothfish Fisheries 79 4 Fisheries in Transition Acronyms APRI Indonesian Blue Swimming Crab Association BRDs Bycatch Reduction Devices CCAMLR Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources CEFAS Centre for Environment, Fisheries & Aquaculture Science COLTO Coalition of Legal Toothfish Operators CORAL Coral Reef Alliance CPUE Catch Per Unit Effort DARD Ben Tre Department of Agriculture and Rural Development DWF Distant Water Fleet EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone EJF Environmental Justice Foundation EU European Union FADs Fish Aggregating Devices FEDECOOP Federación Regional de Sociedades Cooperativas de la Industria Pesquera Baja California GDP Gross Domestic Product ICES International Council for the Exploration of the Sea IEZ Inshore Exclusion Zone IFQ Individual Fisheries Quota ISU The Prince’s Charities’ International Sustainability Unit ITQ Individual Transferable Quota IUU Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated fishing MPAs Marine Protected Areas MCS Monitoring Control and Surveillance MEABRs Areas for the management and exploitation of benthic resources (Chile) MEY Maximum Economic Yield MSC Marine Stewardship Council Certification MSY Maximum Sustainable Yield NGO Non-Governmental Organisation NTZs No Take Zones PNA Parties to the Nauru Agreement QMS Quota Management System RAC Regional Advisory Council SADSTIA South African Deep Sea Trawling Industry Association SFP Sustainable Fisheries Partnership SSB Standing Stock Biomass TAC Total Allowable Catch TNC The Nature Conservancy TURFs Territorial Use Rights in Fisheries US United States VDS Vessel Day Scheme VMS Vessel Monitoring System WCS Wildlife Conservation Society WSC Wild Salmon Center WWF World Wildlife Fund Fisheries in Transition 5 Global overview of case studies Fishery Country Page Fishery Country Page North America 14 Ecuadorian Mahi-Mahi Fishery Ecuador 50 1 Bahamian Spiny Lobster Fishery Bahamas 35 15 Peruvian Anchovy Fishery Peru 51 2 British Colombian Spiny Dogfish Canada 36 16 Surinamese Atlantic Seabob Shrimp Suriname 52 Fishery 3 Baja California Red Rock Lobster Fishery Mexico 37 4 Alaskan Bering Sea Crab Fishery United States 38 Europe 5 Alaskans Own United States 45 17 Baltic Sea Cod Fishery Denmark 54 6 California Morro Bay Groundfish Fishery United States 40 18 Prud’hommes De La Pêche France 55 7 Gulf of Mexico Red Snapper Fishery United States 41 19 Icelandic Groundfish Fishery Iceland 57 8 New England Groundfish & Scallop United States 43 20 Isle of Man Scallop Fishery Isle Of Man 58 Fishery 21 Norwegian Discard Ban Norway 59 9 New England’s Eliminator Trawl United States 42 22 Lira Coastal Community Fishery Spain 60 10 North Pacific Halibut Fishery United States 47 23 Brixham Beam Trawl Fishery United Kingdom 61 11 West Coast Pacific Albacore Tuna Fishery United States 44 24 Cornish Sardine Fishery United Kingdom 62 25 Scottish Groundfish Fishery United Kingdom 64 South America 26 Scottish Pelagic Fishery United Kingdom 65 12 Chilean Loco Fishery Chile 48 13 Bahia Solano Community Fishery Colombia 49 6 Fisheries in Transition Fishery Country Page Fishery Country Page Africa 39 Indonesian Blue Swimming Crab Fishery Indonesia 23 27 Gambian Red And Black Sole Fishery Gambia 67 40 Indonesian Sardine Fishery Indonesia 24 28 Malagasy Octopus Fishery Madagascar 68 41 Kyoto Prefecture Snow Crab Fishery Japan 25 29 Malagasy Shrimp Fishery Madagascar 69 42 Negros Island Community Fisheries Philippines 26 30 Mozambican Fisheries Surveillance Mozambique 70 43 Russian Sakhalin Salmon Fishery Russia 27 31 Mozambican Shallow Water Shrimp Mozambique 71 44 Ben Tre Clam Fishery Vietnam 28 Fishery 32 Namibian Fisheries Namibia 72 Oceania 33 Seychelles Hook And Line Fishery Seychelles 73 45 Australian Northern Prawn Fishery Australia 29 34 Sierra Leone Community Fisheries Sierra Leone 74 46 Australian Spencer Gulf Prawn Fishery Australia 30 35 South African Hake Fishery South Africa 76 47 Fijian Subsistence Fisheries Fiji 31 36 South African Rock Lobster Fishery South Africa 77 48 New Zealand Fisheries New Zealand 33 37 Zanzibar’s Village Fishermen Committees Tanzania 78 49 Pna Tuna Fishery Pna Countries 34 Antarctic Asia 50 Patagonian and Antarctic Toothfish Australia 79 38 Ashtamudi Short Neck Clam Fishery India 22 Fisheries Fisheries in Transition 7 Summary This report provides 50 interviews from fisheries that are moving There will always be competing demands on a fishery, and one of towards sustainability. It takes the approach of speaking to those the key challenges is balancing social, economic and environmental who are directly involved in fishing, earn their livelihoods on a daily objectives. However, these numerous examples show that through basis from fishing and often work at the sharp end in dangerous clever design, realigning incentives and involving stakeholders it is conditions. These are the people, together with partners, who are possible to achieve objectives and mitigate impacts. working to change their fisheries from ones characterised by over- Each fishery is different, and there is no end point to the quest exploitation or poor management to sustainable fisheries using for sustainably managed fisheries. It may be the constant fight innovative management measures and a great deal of hard work. against IUU or the adaptation of management of environmental The Prince’s Charities’ International Sustainability Unit variation; in all cases sustainable global fisheries need investment commissioned this work as part of their overall aim to facilitate in their future and participants. consensus on how to address key challenges facing wild fisheries. In the wider discussion on marine fisheries, there This report is split into two parts: is often considerable focus on the problems