THE APPLICATION OF VISUALISATION TOOLS TO ENABLE ARCHITECTS TO EXPLORE THE DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SMART MATERIALS IN A CONTEMPORARY SHANASHIL BUILDING DESIGN ELEMENT FOR HOT ARID CLIMATES Tamarah Alqalami Ph.D. Thesis 2017 THE APPLICATION OF VISUALISATION TOOLS TO ENABLE ARCHITECTS TO EXPLORE THE DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SMART MATERIALS IN A CONTEMPORARY SHANASHIL BUILDING DESIGN ELEMENT FOR HOT ARID CLIMATES School of the Built Environment University of Salford, Salford, UK Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, August 2017 Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................................................... I LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................................ V LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................................. IX ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ....................................................................................................................... X DEDICATION ...................................................................................................................................... XI ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................................................. XII ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................................... XIII CHAPTER ONE ..................................................................................................................................... 1 1 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND .................................................................................. 1 1.1 ARCHITECTURE AND TRADITIONAL ELEMENTS ................................................................ 1 1.2 ISSUES AND CHALLENGES ....................................................................................................... 3 1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES .............................................................................................................. 5 1.4 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................... 6 1.4.1 What Is Research Methodology ................................................................................................ 7 1.4.2 Design Science Methodology................................................................................................... 10 1.4.3 Methodological Approach ....................................................................................................... 13 1.5 METHODOLOGICAL STEPS ................................................................................................... 17 1.6 RESEARCH ROADMAP ........................................................................................................... 19 1.7 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................ 22 CHAPTER TWO ................................................................................................................................. 23 2 PRE-DEVELOPMENT STAGE OF A SMART CONTEMPORARY DESIGN ELEMENT USING TECHNOLOGICAL TOOLS ..................................................................................................... 23 2.1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 23 2.2 SHANASHIL: TRADITIONAL DESIGN ELEMENTS ............................................................... 23 2.3 HISTORY OF TRADITIONAL BUILDINGS IN BAGHDAD .................................................... 26 2.4 SHANASHIL IN ARCHITECTURAL FAÇADES. ...................................................................... 29 2.5 THE CHARACTERISTICS OF TRADITIONAL DESIGN ELEMENTS ..................................... 33 2.5.1 Regionalism .............................................................................................................................. 34 2.5.2 Transparency and the Idea of Elegance ................................................................................. 36 2.5.3 Order and Design Pattern ....................................................................................................... 39 2.5.4 Visual Impact and Light Control ............................................................................................. 40 2.5.5 Aesthetic Aspects in Traditional Elements ............................................................................ 41 2.5.6 Sustainability of Social and Cultural Aspects ......................................................................... 42 2.5.7 Environmental Aspects ........................................................................................................... 45 2.6 MODERNITY AND SUSTAINABILITY OF DESIGN ............................................................... 47 2.7 NEW TRENDS OF TRADITIONAL DESIGN ELEMENTS ....................................................... 52 i 2.8 FUNCTIONAL BEAUTY IN ARCHITECTURE ........................................................................ 61 2.9 ORGANIC APPROACH IN ARCHITECTURE .......................................................................... 63 2.10 EXUBERANCE IN ARCHITECTURE ....................................................................................... 66 2.11 ELEGANCE IN ARCHITECTURE ............................................................................................. 69 2.12 THE PRESENCE OF PATTERN IN DESIGN ............................................................................ 73 2.13 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................ 79 CHAPTER THREE .............................................................................................................................. 81 3 PRE-DEVELOPMENT STAGE ................................................................................................ 81 3.1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 81 3.2 BIOMIMETICS AND SUSTAINABILITY ................................................................................. 81 3.3 DESIGN QUALITY AND SUSTAINABILITY ........................................................................... 86 3.4 THE INTEGRATED RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SUSTAINABILITY ASPECTS IN DESIGN .. .................................................................................................................................................................. 88 3.5 TECHNOLOGY AND INTERPRETATION OF BIOINSPIRED DESIGN PRINCIPLES ........... 89 3.6 THE DEVELOPMENT OF DESIGN PATTERN ....................................................................... 92 3.7 ORDER IN MATERIAL AND DESIGN QUALITY .................................................................... 95 3.8 MODERN MATERIALS AND THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY IN DESIGN ............................. 97 3.9 THE ROLE OF GLASS WINDOWS IN DESIGN .................................................................... 100 3.10 THERMAL COMFORT .......................................................................................................... 103 3.11 DAYLIGHT AND TRANSPARENCY ..................................................................................... 103 3.12 GLARE AND SHADING CONTROL ...................................................................................... 104 3.13 SMART WINDOW DESIGN .................................................................................................. 107 3.13.1 Aesthetic and Functional Aspects of Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) in Design ... ................................................................................................................................................. 108 3.13.2 Photovoltaics Efficiency and the Role of Climate in Design .............................................. 113 3.13.3 Chromogenics in Design ....................................................................................................... 116 3.13.4 Static and Dynamic Glazing in Design ................................................................................. 120 3.13.5 Smart Dynamic Glazing and the Role of Technology.......................................................... 123 3.13.6 Flexibility of Smart Glazing Element ................................................................................... 123 3.13.7 Climate and the Use of Electrochromics ............................................................................. 124 3.13.8 Applications of Smart Glazing in Architectural Design ...................................................... 126 3.14 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ......................................................................................... 129 CHAPTER FOUR .............................................................................................................................. 134 4 DEVELOPMENT STAGE AND ASSESSMENT OF A SMART CONTEMPORARY DESIGN ELEMENT USING VISUALISATION TOOLS ....................................................................... 134 4.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 134 4.2 VISUALISATION OF