History A Comprehensive Guide to Paper 1 PEARSON BACCALAUREATE BRIAN MIMMACK EUNICE PRICE DANIELA SENÉS Pearson Education Limited is a company incorporated in England and Wales, having its registered office at Edinburgh Gate, Harlow, Essex, CM20 2JE. Registered company number: 872828. www.pearsonbaccalaureate.com Pearson is a registered trademark of Pearson Education Limited Text © Pearson Education Limited 2009 First published 2009 17 16 15 14 13 10 9 8 7 6 5 ISBN 978 0 435994 49 5 Copyright notice All rights reserved. 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For information regarding permissions, write to Pearson Curriculum Group Rights & Permissions, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458. Edited by Chris McNab Designed by Tony Richardson Typeset by Oxford Designers & Illustrators Original illustrations © Pearson Education Limited 2009 Illustrated by Oxford Designers & Illustrators Cover design by Tony Richardson Picture research by Joanne Forrest Smith Cover photo © Birgit Kinder/East Side Gallery, Berlin Printed in Italy by Rotolito Lombarda Changes to Impression 5 Please note that Chapters 1, 4 and 5 have been revised for this impression following an extensive review process. Acknowledgements The authors and publisher would like to thank the following individuals and organisations for permission to reproduce photographs: Alamy Images/Russ Bishop 262cl; Peter Greenhalgh (UKpix.com) 262c; INTERFOTO 252tr; Stock Connection Distribution/Guy Cali 4c; The Print Collector 263tl; Victor Watts 114cl; Whitehead Images 114bl; www.archelaus- cards.com/William Kemp Starrett Life Magazine 27 Dec 1929 256t; Baha Boukhari/Cartooning for Peace 151b; Bayerische Staatsbibliothek 41t; The Herb Block Foundation 181c; British Cartoon Archive/www.cartoons.ac.uk/ Express Syndication/Michael Cummings published in the Sunday Express on 20 May 1990 195b; Nicholas Garland published in the Independent on 16 Jun 1989 245b; Kevin Kallaugher published in the Observer 22 Sep 1985 239b; News Group Newspapers Ltd/Stanley Franklin 246c; Solo Syndication/Associated Newspapers published in the Daily Express, London, 10 May 1919 36t; David Low published in the Evening Standard newspaper, 19 Jan 1933 12c; published in The Star on 24 Jan 1921 31t; published in The Star newspaper, Jul 1920 34c; published in The Star on 30 Dec 1921 52c; first published by The Star newspaper on 1 Dec 1925 76t; first published by the Evening Standard in Nov 1931 80b; first published by the Evening Standard on 24 Jul 1935 88c; Telegraph Media Group, Nicholas Garland 248b; Chambers Art Gallery 170t; Corbis 115c; Bettmann 3t, 20bl, 20br, 20cr, 124b, 147b, 157b, 177cr, 216cl, 223cl, 252br, 261cl, 261cr, 263tc; Christel Gerstenberg 263bl; Hulton Deutsch Collection 70tl, 255b; Reuters 245c; Kevin Lamarque 260t; Wally McNamee 218tl; Heinrich Sanden 83br; Swim Link 216tl; Sygma 197c, 201c; Sygma/Henri Bureau 177br, 213c, 218cl; Ted Spiegel 257t; Peter Turnley 204c; Getty Images 83cr, 258–259t, 261c; AFP 132b, 223cr; AFP/Rene Jarland 113b; Hulton Archive 72tl, 75bc, 138b; Robert Nickelsberg 182b; Tom Stoddart Collection 207c; Juergen Stumpe 262cr; Roger Viollet 75cr; Hoover Institution Archives/ Poster Collection RU/SU1968 63bc; David Horsey, Seattle Post-Intelligencer 5b, 118b; Israel Images/Kalman Givon 116b; Dan Porges 141t; iStockphoto/Kristoffer Hamilton 4t; Yaakov Kirschen/DryBonesBlog.com 150b; Jeff Koterba/Omaha World-Herald 195t; Kanstantsin Khatsyanouski 190c; David King Collection 3cl and cr; Stefan R Landsberger Collection/http://chineseposters.net 5br, 216r, 235c, 240b, 240t; Carlos Latuff 164b; Library of Congress/Edmund Valtman 5t, 196t; Nebelspalter, 28 November 1956, 129b; Nicholson from The Australian www. nicholsoncartoons.com.au 252cr; Punch Cartoon Library 30b, 62t, 90b; Rex Features 263br, Assaf Shilo 160c; UN Photolibrary: UN Cartographic Section Palestine Land Ownership by Sub-Districts, no.94 (b) August 1950 107t; University of San Diego 20cl, 22c, 58t, 258br; Wikipedia/GNU Free Documentation license 177 (cra); Yonas Media/The Plastic People of the Universe 202c; Zapiro/Mail and Guardian 163b. The publisher and authors would also like to thank Birgit Kinder and the East Side Gallery in Berlin for their permission to reproduce the Trabant graffiti on the cover. For more information, please visit www.eastsidegallery- berlin.com. The publisher and authors would also like to thank the following for permission to use © material: From a telegram of the Chinese Soviet Government (6 October 1932), translated by Stuart R. Schram (1969) in his The Political Thought of Mao Tse-tung, Praeger Publishers. From The League of Nations – Its Life and Times 1920– 1946 by F. S. Northedge (1986) © Continuum. From Paris Peace Conference 1919: Proceedings of the Council of Four March 24–April 18 by Paul Mantoux and translated by John Boardman Whitton (1964). From The Economic Consequences of the Peace (1919) by John M. Keynes, used with permission of Palgrave Macmillan. From The Weimar Republic 1919–33 (page 30) by Ruth Henig (1988), used with permission of Routledge. From Europe between the Wars by Martin Kitchen (1988), used with permission of Pearson Education Ltd. From Peacemakers, Six Months that Changed the World by Margaret MacMillan (2001), reproduced by permission of the publisher John Murray (Publishers). From The First World War Peace Settlements 1919–25 by Erik Goldstein (2002), used with permission of Pearson Education Ltd. From a speech by Winston Churchill (13 July 1934), used with permission of Curtis Brown Ltd. From Soviet Russia and the West, 1920–1927: A Documentary Survey by Xenia Joukoff Eudin (1957), used with permission of Stanford University Press. From On the Origins of War and the Preservation of Peace by Donald Kagan (1996), used with permission of Random House. From The Lights that Failed by Zara Steiner (2005), used by permission of the Oxford University Press. From French Foreign and Defence Policy, 1918–1940: The Decline and Fall of a Great Power (page 60) by Robert Boyce (1998), used with permission of Routledge. From The Struggle for Germany, 1914–1945 by Lionel Kochan (1963), used with permission of Miriam Kochan. From The Lost Peace. International Relations in Europe 1918–39 by Anthony Adamthwaite (1977), used with permission of Adam Adamthwaite. From Europe Between the Wars by Martin Kitchen (1998), used with permission of Pearson Education Ltd. From Gustav Stresemann: His Dairies, Letters, and Papers Volume II translated by Eric Sutton (1937), used with permission of Palgrave Macmillan. From The Gathering Storm by Winston Churchill (1948), used with permission of Curtis Brown Ltd. From The Great Dictators: International Relations 1918–1939 by E.G. Rayner (1992), reproduced by permission of Hodder & Stoughton Ltd. From Japan over Asia by W. H. Chamberlin (1937), used with permission of Carl E. Krumpe. From a memorandum of Sir John Simon, Foreign Secretary, to the British Cabinet (23 November 1931). Crown copyright material is reproduced with the permission of the Controller of HMSO and the Queen’s Printer for Scotland. From a memorandum by Sir Anthony Eden (c. December 1935) © Continuum. From a speech by Benito Mussolini (2 October 1935), translated by Shepard Bancroft Clough and Salvatore Maximilian Saladino (1968) in their A History of Modern Italy: Documents, Readings, and Commentary, Columbia University Press, and used with permission of Shepard A. Clough. From The Making of the Second World War by Anthony Adamthwaite (1977), used with permission of Anthony Adamthwaite. From the Deutsche Zeitung, 28 June 1919, translated by Louis Leo Snyder (1966) in his The Weimar Republic: A History of Germany from Ebert to Hitler, © Wiley. From A Shattered Peace. Versailles 1919 and the Price We Pay Today by David A. Andelman (2007), © Wiley. From The Palestine Israel Conflict by Gregory Harms (2005), used with permission of Pluto Press. From Palestine and the Arab-Israeli Conflict by Charles D. Smith (2006), used with permission of Bedford/St. Martin’s. From “Plan Dalet” (10 March 1948), translated by Walid Khalidi (1988) in the Journal of Palestine Studies, used with permission of the University of California Press. From The Origins of the Arab-Israeli Wars by Ritchie Ovendale (1984), used with permission of Pearson Education Ltd. From The Palestine-Israeli Conflict by Dan Cohn-Sherbok and Dawoud el-Alami (2002), used with permission of Oneworld Publications. From a statement by the Soviet Ministry of Foreign Affairs (16 April 1955), translated by RSA Novosti. From a speech by Gamal Abdel Nasser (28 July 1956), used with permission of BBC Monitoring. From “The Sèvres Protocol”, translated by Keith Kyle in his Suez (2003), used with permission of IB Tauris. From Full Circle. The Memoirs of the Rt. Hon. Sir Anthony Eden by Anthony Eden (1960), © Continuum. From “New Crisis, Old Lessons – The Suez Crisis of 1956” by Robert Fisk (2003), © Independent. From “Identity Card” by Mahmoud Darwish (1964), © Riad el-Rayyes Books. From “General’s Words Shed a New Light on the Golan” by Serge Schmemann (1997), used with permission of The New York Times. From A Concise History of the Arab-Israeli Conflict by Ian Bickerton and Carla Klausner (2004), © Prentice Hall.