NATIONAL AUTHORITY FOR THE CAMPAIGN AGAINST ALCOHOL AND DRUG ABUSE RAPID SITUATION ASSESSMENT OF DRUGS AND SUBSTANCE ABUSE IN KENYA © NACADA 2017 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................................................ v LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................................................... viii ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ......................................................................................................... xiii FORWARD ....................................................................................................................................................... xiv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................................................. xv EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................... xvi CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 ALCOHOL AND DRUG ABUSE SITUATION IN KENYA .............................................................................................. 1 1.3 RATIONALE OF THE SURVEY .................................................................................................................................... 2 1.4 OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................................................................................ 2 General objective............................................................................................................................................................... 2 CHAPTER TWO: METHODOLOGY .............................................................................................................. 3 2.1 STUDY DESIGN ............................................................................................................................................................ 3 2.2 STUDY COVERAGE ...................................................................................................................................................... 3 2.3 STUDY POPULATION .................................................................................................................................................. 3 2.4 SAMPLE SIZE DETERMINATION ............................................................................................................................... 3 2.5 SAMPLING METHOD .................................................................................................................................................. 4 2.6 DATA TYPES................................................................................................................................................................ 5 2.6.1 Data collection tools ............................................................................................................................................ 5 2.7 TRAINING .................................................................................................................................................................... 5 2.8 FIELDWORK ................................................................................................................................................................ 6 2.9 DATA PROCESSING..................................................................................................................................................... 6 2.10 ETHICAL CONSIDERATION ..................................................................................................................................... 6 2.11 CONSTRUCTION OF ECONOMIC STATUS INDEX ................................................................................................... 6 CHAPTER 3: BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS ............................................. 8 3.0 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................................................... 8 3.1 BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS AGED 10 – 14 YEARS .................................................... 8 3.2 BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS AGED 15 - 65 YEARS ..................................................... 8 CHAPTER 4: AWARENESS OF PHYSCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCES ...................................................... 10 4.0 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................................... 10 4.1 SPONTANEOUS AWARENESS OF PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCES ........................................................................ 10 4.1.1 Spontaneous Awareness of tobacco products ....................................................................................... 10 4.1.2 Spontaneous Awareness of alcohol products ........................................................................................ 12 4.1.3 Spontaneous awareness of narcotics ........................................................................................................ 13 4.1.4 Spontaneous awareness of khat/ miraa and other psychoactive substances ........................ 15 4.1.5 Profile of spontaneous awareness of psychoactive substances ..................................................... 17 4.2 TOTAL AWARENESS OF PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCES ...................................................................................... 18 4.2.1 Awareness of tobacco products ................................................................................................................... 18 4.2.2 Awareness of alcoholic products ................................................................................................................. 20 4.2.3 Awareness of narcotics .................................................................................................................................... 22 ii 4.2.4 Awareness of khat/ miraa and other psychoactive substances .................................................... 23 4.3 PROFILE OF TOTAL AWARENESS OF PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCES ................................................................. 25 CHAPTER 5: PREVALENCE OF ALCOHOL AND SUBSTANCES OF ABUSE IN KENYA ................ 27 5.0 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................................... 27 5.1 LIFETIME USAGE OF ALCOHOL .............................................................................................................................. 27 5.2 LIFETIME USAGE OF TOBACCO .............................................................................................................................. 36 5.3 LIFETIME USAGE OF KHAT/ MIRAA ...................................................................................................................... 44 5.4 LIFETIME USAGE OF NARCOTICS .......................................................................................................................... 48 5.5 LIFETIME USAGE OF INHALANTS AND PRESCRIPTION DRUGS ......................................................................... 53 5.6 LIFETIME ABSTAINERS OF ALCOHOL AND SUBSTANCES OF ABUSE ................................................................. 54 5.7 CURRENT USAGE OF ALCOHOL AMONG 15 – 65 YEAR-OLDS ........................................................................... 58 5.8 CURRENT USE OF TOBACCO AMONG 15 – 65 YEAR-OLDS ............................................................................... 65 5.9 CURRENT USE OF KHAT/ MIRAA AMONG RESPONDENTS AGED 15 – 65 YEARS............................................ 72 5.10 CURRENT USE OF NARCOTICS AMONG RESPONDENTS AGED 15 – 65 YEAR-OLDS .................................... 77 5.11 CURRENT USE OF INHALANTS AND PRESCRIPTION AMONG 15 – 65 YEAR OLDS ...................................... 82 5.12 CURRENT USAGE OF AT LEAST ONE SUBSTANCE OF ABUSE ........................................................................... 83 5.13 POLYDRUG USE ..................................................................................................................................................... 86 5.12 INITIATION OF VARIOUS DRUGS AND SUBSTANCES OF ABUSE ...................................................................... 88 CHAPTER 6: HEALTH AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF ALCOHOL AND DRUG ABUSE ................................................................................................................................................................ 89 6.1 HEALTH PROBLEMS EMANATING FROM DRUGS AND SUBSTANCE ABUSE ...................................................... 89 6.2 SOCIO-ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF DRUGS AND SUBSTANCE ABUSE ...................................................................... 92 CHAPTER 7: EXTENT OF ALCOHOL AND DRUG ABUSE DEPENDENCE IN KENYA ................... 93 7.0 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................................