The Classical Review http://journals.cambridge.org/CAR Additional services for The Classical Review: Email alerts: Click here Subscriptions: Click here Commercial reprints: Click here Terms of use : Click here Constructive Rhythm in Cicero's Speeches Der constructive Rhythmus in Ciceros Reden. Th. Zielinski. Leipzig: Dieterich. 1914. Albert C. Clark The Classical Review / Volume 30 / Issue 01 / February 1916, pp 22 - 26 DOI: 10.1017/S0009840X00009598, Published online: 27 October 2009 Link to this article: http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0009840X00009598 How to cite this article: Albert C. Clark (1916). The Classical Review, 30, pp 22-26 doi:10.1017/ S0009840X00009598 Request Permissions : Click here Downloaded from http://journals.cambridge.org/CAR, IP address: 128.122.253.212 on 18 Jun 2015 22 THE CLASSICAL REVIEW AUS DER OFFENBARUNG JOHANNIS. A us der Offenbarung Johannis: hellenis- sun traverses each month, cf. Plutarch, tische Studien zum Weltbild der Apoka- de def. or ac. c. 21. lypse. Von FRANZ BOLL. Gr. 8vo., Another example of the author's VIII., 151. Leipzig-Berlin: Teubner, method may be taken from his treat- 1914. Geh. M. 5 : geb. M. 5.60. ment of Apoc. xii., where he shows that the description of the woman in THIS is the first instalment of a new heaven is suggested by the constellation series, entitled Studien zur Geschickte des Virgo. antiken Wdtbildes und der griechischen At times the arguments are weak, and Wissenschaft, of which Franz Boll is to the method of treating a few only of the be the editor. The series opens well passages of the Apocalypse—those that with this lucid and convincing study of fit the theory best—renders caution the popular science that forms the back- necessary in the reader, but the ground of the Apocalypse. value of the book is not seriously im- The author accepts the work of Gun- paired by these criticisms. One im- kel, Bousset and others who find in portant obiter dictum is expressed. Oriental mythology the main key with The astrological myth is at home which to unlock the mysteries of the in the Apocalypse, but in the Synoptic book, and attaches little importance to Gospels we are in another world, where explanations drawn from contemporary such ideas are quite out of place; so history. Where he parts company from there is nothing to be said for the recent theseauthors is in maintaining that many attempts to resolve Jesus into an astro- intervening stages separated the Apoca- logical myth. The question of author- lypse from Babylonia. The immediate ship is not discussed, but if Herr Boll's source was the popular astronomy and results stand, the attribution of the book astrology of the first century. When to a Galilean fisherman seems in the the action is said to take place in heaven, highest degree improbable. Or at least, the writer means what he says, and his if Palestinian Jews were such as this readers would naturally understand him writer must have been, many books on to be speaking of the visible starry the New Testament are ludicrously heavens. It is a veritable kingdom of wrong. heaven that is offered to the faithful. A valuable appendix gives in adjacent Thus, the number 12 (12,000 stades columns the eschatological discourses of in xxi. 16, 144 in v. 17) is the number Mark xiii. and parallels, with illustra- of the signs of the Zodiac. (So in xiv. tions from astrological treatises, from 20 the i,600 stades are the number of which it would appear that the language the stars of heaven as given in Pliny, of the Greek Testament coincides with N.H. ii. no). The precious stones are that in which ancient ' Old Moore's astral; see Hermes Trismegistos, where Almanacks' prophesied ' bad ' years. one precious stone corresponds to each The resemblance is specially close in of the thirty-six divisions of the Zodiac. in the places where Luke introduces his The stream of the water of life is own modifications into the Markan the Milky Way — in Empedocles the matter. It is doubtful if this proves fixed stars are bound together with much. Those who prophesy bad times crystal. The twelve fruits of the tree must always employ more or less similar of life, one for each month, correspond language. to the Zodiac signs, one of which, the W. K. LOWTHER-CLARKE. CONSTRUCTIVE RHYTHM IN CICERO'S SPEECHES. Der constructive Rhythmus in Ciceros his work upon the Ciceronian clausula, Reden. TH. ZIELINSKI. Leipzig: promised to follow this up by a study Dieterich. 1914. of what he terms the ' constructive' THE eminent Russian scholar, Prof. rhythm, i.e. the rhythm which pervades Thaddaeus Zielinski, of Petrograd, in the sentence. It is not possible here THE CLASSICAL REVIEW to set before the reader the methods S ii.1 In the Ko/ifiara there is nothing adopted by Zielinski in his former en- to notice besides the rhetorical figures quiry, and, as some knowledge of them of antithesis, parallelism and homoeo- is necessary, reference may be made to teleuton. With this we may connect a review which appeared in the pages an interesting passage in Quintilian of this Journal (Vol. XIX., No. 3, April, (IX. 4. 67-8). After saying that the 95)) membra and incisa must begin and end The existence of a pervading rhythm well, he goes on to speak of occulti is affirmed by various ancient authori- gradus, even where there is no break in ties. Thus Cicero (Orat. 203) says, the sense, and the speaker does not si numerus orationis quaeritur quo loco stop to breathe. He takes as an example adhibeatur, in tota continuatione verborum.the beginning of the Cluentiana, which So also Quintilian (IX. 4. 61) remarks, he arranges thus: in omni quidem corpore totoque, ut ita animadverti, iudices, dixerim, tractu numerus insertus est. It omnem accusatoris orationem is to be noticed that illustrations of in duas particular rhythms quoted by ancient divisam esse partes. critics are taken from the body of the He says that these particulae have 'a sentence as well as from the clausula. sort of rhythm' (suos quasi numeros Thus Quintilian (IX. 4. 63) gives as habent, spiritum sustinentes, et sicut apud a specimen of Demosthenes' manly rhythmicos aestimantur). Quintilian goes rhythms (severa compositio) the begin- on to remark that certain clausulae are ning of the de Corona, rol<s Oeols evxofjuiihalting and limp, if taken by themselves, traai ical irdaeut. Here he is treading but that they are propped up and sup- in the footsteps of Dionysius (wepl ported by the succeeding clauses. Thus vvpOiareaxs 205), who says that thethe faulty ending is set right by the cretic rhythm pervades the whole of context. He gives as an example Cic. this passage (rbv Kpr/riKov pvOftov . .Verr. V. 117: oV okov TOW KCOXOV irkeicofievov rovrov). While rhythm pervades the whole of ' Non vult populus Romanus obsoleth the sentence, there are certain places at criminibus accusari Verrem (S ii), durum, which it becomes more manifest. These si desinas, sed cum sit continuatum iis are the pauses where the speaker draws quae sequuntur, quamquam natura ipsa breath, viz. at the end of the KO^JJM, divisa sunt, nova postulat, inaudita desi- (Lat. incisum), of the K&\OV (Lat. mem- derat (V. 2) salvus est cursus.' Here brum) and of the rrepioSof (Lat. ambitus, the harsh rhythm, S ii, is set right etc.). At each pause the speaker punc- by the tuneful ending, V 2. tuates by a rhythm. There is thus a It is to be noted that Quintilian uses close connexion between rhythm and clausula of the icai\a as well as of the the articulation of the sentence, and it period. We are wont to use the word is significant that Thrasymachus, who of the period only. There is no reason is said by our authorities to have in- why it should not be extended to the vented the use of numeri, also, according smaller divisions of the sentence. If to Suidas, irpwros irepiohov ical K&XOV so, we may speak of the clausula of the xareSei^e ical rbv vvv rrp /Bi/Topt/r^? rpb- period, the clausula of the K&XOV, and irov elaT)ytf<raTO. The best known Latin the clausula of the xS/i/ia. Zielinski passage is Cic. Orator 223-4: in his previous work dealt with the ' Sed quae incisim aut membratim clausula of the period, he is now con- efferuntur, ea vel aptissime cadere de- cerned with that of the K&XOV and bent, ut est apud me, Domus tibi deerat? KOfJL/ia. at habebas. Pecunia superabat? at ege- The difference between these clausulae bas. Haec incise dicta sunt quattuor; is one of quantity, not of kind. This at membratim quae sequuntur duo. distinction is implicit in Quintilian's Incurristi amens in columnas, in alienos analysis of Verr. V, 117. The end of insanus insanisti.' 1 Roman numerals are used in this notice for Here the jca>\a exhibit two well- forms with a Molossus base, and Arabic for known rhythms, viz. Zielinski's iii and those with a Cretic base. 24 THE CLASSICAL REVIEW the sentence is the place for tune; in given at the end of the volume he the KwXa discordant notes are per- enumerates 62, 434 Sa'tze and 124, 790 missible. It follows that in the Kofi/mra Glieder. All of these he has classified, the measures will be harsher still. and he is ready with figures and per- Zielinski puts the point well when he centages on all occasions. His in- compares the final numeri to ' cream,' genuity is inexhaustible, both in meeting those of the major divisions in the sen- difficulties and in inventing new terms tence to the ordinary ' milk' of com- for the phenomena which he discusses.