Paving the way toward a hydrogen energy future Hydrogen, Fuel Cells & Infrastructure Technologies Program Multi-Year Research, Development and Demonstration Plan Planned program activities for 2005-2015 Education Safety/Codes & Standards Manufacturing R&D Systems Integration/Analysis DELIVERY TECHNOLOGY PRODUCTION FUEL CELLS VALIDATION H2 & MARKET Economy TRANSFORMATION STORAGE Research & Development NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States government or any agency thereof. 2007 Foreword Foreword In his 2003 State of the Union Address, President Bush announced the Hydrogen Fuel Initiative to reverse America’s growing dependence on foreign oil by developing the technology needed for commercially viable hydrogen-powered fuel cells — a way to power cars, trucks, homes and businesses that could significantly reduce pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. The HFI is also part of the Advanced Energy Initiative, launched by the President in 2006, to expand alternative energy research and development (R&D) to biofuels and plug-in hybrids for transportation, and renewable, clean coal, and nuclear energy technologies for stationary power generation. To implement the Initiative, the U.S. Department of Energy has established a coordinated and focused Hydrogen Program to overcome the challenges to commercialization of hydrogen and fuel cell technologies. The Program integrates R&D activities in hydrogen production, delivery, storage, and fuel cells within DOE’s Offices of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE); Nuclear Energy, Science and Technology; Fossil Energy; and Science. This Multi-Year Research, Development and Demonstration Plan details the goals, objectives, technical targets, tasks and schedule for EERE’s contribution to the DOE Hydrogen Program - the Hydrogen, Fuel Cells and Infrastructure Technologies Program. Similar detailed plans exist for the other DOE offices and can be found at http://www.hydrogen.energy.gov. The DOE Hydrogen Posture Plan is the integrated plan for all four offices and can be found at http://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/hydrogen_posture_plan_dec06.pdf. The Hydrogen, Fuel Cells and Infrastructure Technologies R&D Plan is a living document and will be updated periodically to reflect advances in technology and changes in the Program scope. The first draft of the Plan was released in June 2003 and was reviewed by the National Research Council and the National Academy of Engineering, leading to the first revision in January 2005. This present version reflects the progress made since then. Details on every project funded by the Program can be found in the Annual Progress Report available at http://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/annual_progress06.html. Multi-Year Research, Development and Demonstration Plan Page i 2007 Foreword Document Revision History This table summarizes the revisions to the Hydrogen, Fuel Cells and Infrastructure Technologies Program Multi-Year Research, Development and Demonstration Plan. Date Description Draft prepared for review by the National Academies’ June 6, 2003 Committee on Alternatives and Strategies for Future Hydrogen Production and Use Revised plan reflecting recommendations made by the National January 21, 2005 Academies and progress made since the 2003 draft release. Updated edition reflecting technical progress and changes in October 2007 Program scope since the 2005 release. NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States government or any agency thereof. Page ii Multi-Year Research, Development and Demonstration Plan 2007 Table of Contents Table of Contents Foreword i Table of Contents iii Executive Summary ES-1 1.0 Introduction 1-1 1.1 Background 1-1 1.2 Program Vision 1-5 1.3 Hydrogen, Fuel Cells and Infrastructure Technologies Program Key Activities 1-5 1.4 Program Planning 1-8 1.5 Scope of Multi-Year RD&D Plan 1-11 1.6 Program Evaluation 1-11 1.7 Program Coordination 1-12 1.8 Transformation to a New Energy System 1-12 2.0 Program Benefits 2-1 2.1 U.S. Transportation Energy Challenges 2-1 2.2 Potential Impact of Fuel Cell Vehicle Introduction 2-8 2.3 Domestic Resources for Hydrogen Production 2-9 2.4 Potential Impact of Stationary Fuel Cells 2-11 2.5 Conclusion 2-12 References 2-12 3.0 Technical Plan 3.0-1 3.1 Hydrogen Production 3.1-1 3.1.1 Technical Goal and Objectives 3.1-1 3.1.2 Technical Approach 3.1-2 3.1.3 Programmatic Status 3.1-6 3.1.4 Technical Challenges 3.1-9 3.1.5 Technical Task Descriptions 3.1-32 3.1.6 Milestones 3.1-36 3.2 Hydrogen Delivery 3.2-1 3.2.1 Technical Goal and Objectives 3.2-1 3.2.2 Technical Approach 3.2-1 3.2.3 Programmatic Status 3.2-8 3.2.4 Technical Challenges 3.2-9 3.2.5 Technical Task Descriptions 3.2-22 3.2.6 Milestones 3.2-23 Multi-Year Research, Development and Demonstration Plan Page iii 2007 Table of Contents 3.3 Hydrogen Storage 3.3-1 3.3.1 Technical Goal and Objectives 3.3-1 3.3.2 Technical Approach 3.3-1 3.3.3 Programmatic Status 3.3-3 3.3.4 Technical Challenges 3.3-8 3.3.5 Technical Task Descriptions 3.3-16 3.3.6 Milestones 3.3-17 3.4 Fuel Cells 3.4-1 3.4.1 Technical Goal and Objectives 3.4-1 3.4.2 Technical Approach 3.1-2 3.4.3 Programmatic Status 3.4-3 3.4.4 Technical Challenges 3.4-11 3.4.5 Technical Task Descriptions 3.4-29 3.4.6 Milestones 3.4-32 3.5 Manufacturing R&D 3.5-1 3.5.1 Technical Goal and Objectives 3.5-1 3.5.2 Approach 3.5-2 3.5.3 Programmatic Status 3.5-4 3.5.4 Technical Challenges 3.5-7 3.5.5 Barriers 3.5-10 3.5.6 Technical Task Descriptions 3.5-13 3.5.7 Milestones 3.5-14 3.6 Technology Validation 3.6-1 3.6.1 Technical Goal and Objectives 3.6-1 3.6.2 Technical Approach 3.6-2 3.6.3 Programmatic Status 3.6-6 3.6.4 Technical Challenges 3.6-7 3.6.5 Technical Task Descriptions 3.6-10 3.6.6 Milestones 3.6-12 3.7 Hydrogen Codes and Standards 3.7-1 3.7.1 Goal and Objectives 3.7-1 3.7.2 Technical Approach 3.7-2 3.7.3 Programmatic Status 3.7-8 3.7.4 Challenges 3.7-16 3.7.5 Task Descriptions 3.7-19 3.7.6 Milestones 3.7-20 3.8. Hydrogen Safety 3.8-1 3.8.1 Goal and Objectives 3.8-1 3.8.2 Approach 3.8-2 Page iv Multi-Year Research, Development and Demonstration Plan 2007 Table of Contents 3.8.3 Programmatic Status 3.8-3 3.8.4 Challenges 3.8-6 3.8.5 Task Descriptions 3.8-8 3.8.6 Milestones 3.8-9 3.9 Education 3.9-1 3.9.1 Goal and Objectives 3.9-1 3.9.2 Approach 3.9-2 3.9.3 Programmatic Status 3.9-5 3.9.4 Challenges 3.9-7 3.9.5 Barriers 3.9-8 3.9.6 Task Descriptions 3.9-9 3.9.7 Milestones 3.9-10 4.0 Systems Analysis 4-1 4.1 Technical Goal and Objectives 4-1 4.2 Technical Approach 4-2 4.3 Systems Analysis Collaboration 4-6 4.4 Programmatic Status 4-8 4.5 Technical Challenges 4-11 4.6 Technical Task Descriptions 4-12 4.7 Milestones 4-12 5.0 Systems Integration 5-1 5.1 Goal and Objectives 5-1 5.2 Approach 5-2 5.3 Programmatic Status 5-9 5.4 Challenges 5-10 5.5 Task Descriptions 5-10 5.6 Milestones 5-11 6.0 Program Management and Operations 6-1 6.1 Program Organization 6-1 6.2 Program Management Approach 6-7 6.3 Program Elements 6-8 6.4 Program Implementation 6-9 Appendices Appendix A – Budgetary Information A-1 Appendix B – Input-Output Matrix B-1 Appendix C – Hydrogen Quality C-1 Appendix D – 2006 Annual Program Review Project Evaluation Form D-1 Appendix E – Acronyms E-1 Multi-Year Research, Development and Demonstration Plan Page v 2007 Executive Summary Executive Summary The use of hydrogen as an energy carrier has the potential to reduce U.S.