University of Kirkuk Lec 2 College of Nursing Reproductive System 3rd Class2019-2020 Dr. jenan, Dr Suhailah The female reproductive organs include the ovaries, fallopian tubes & the uterus. During reproductive years (13-50 years) about 450 follicle develop & expel their ova one each month. Female Reproductive System Functions of Female Reproductive System Allow for sexual intimacy and fulfillment Produce children through the process of conception, pregnancy and childbirth Composition The external genitalia (vulva) and internal reproductive organs 1 External genitalia of the female reproductive system: Mons pubis Labia majora Labia minora Clitoris Vestibule Perineum Internal Reproductive Organs Vagina (Birth canal) - A muscular tube that leads from the vulva to the uterus Uterus (Womb) A hollow, pear-shaped muscular structure Functions of the uterus: 1. Prepare for pregnancy each month 2. Protect and nourish the growing child Four sections: Cervix - Connect the vagina and uterus - Outer os Uterine Isthmus - Connects the cervix to the main body of the uterus - Thinnest portion of the uterus, and does not participate in the muscular Contractions of labor - Most likely to rupture during childbirth Corpus (Body) - Main body of the uterus 2 Fundus Top most section of the uterus Walls of the corpus and fundus have three layers - Perimetrium - Myometrium - Endometrium Paired fallopian tubes - Tiny, muscular corridors 8-14 cm long 3 sections 1. Isthmus 2. Ampulla 3. Infundibulum Ovaries Two sex glands homologous to the male testes; located on either side of the uterus Functions: - Produce the female hormones estrogen and progesterone - Store ova and help them to mature - Regulate the menstrual cycle in response to anterior pituitary hormones 3 Regulation of Reproductive function: Puberty - The time of life in which an individual become capable of sexual reproduction. - Occurs between 10 and 14 years of age. - Development of secondary sex characteristics. - Menarche Menstrual Cycle The normal reproductive years in female characterized by monthly changes in rate of secretion of female hormones, in the ovaries & sexual organs. The duration of menstrual cycle averages 28 days but may be as short as 20 days or as long as 45 days . As a result of this cycle : Only one mature ovum is released from the ovaries each month . The uterine endometrium is prepared for implantation of the fertilized ovum. The absence of cyclic menstruation is called amenorrhea The ovarian cycle consist of follicular phase & luteal phase. Ovarian cycle and the uterine cycle Ovarian cycle Follicular phase Encompasses days 1-14 of a 28 day cycle Ovulation Luteal phase Large quantities of LH secreted by the anterior pituitary called the LH surge , LH is necessary for final follicular growth & ovulation & without this hormone ovulation not occur . Two days before ovulation LH secretion increase 6-10 folds & peaks 16 hours before ovulation (LH surge ). The lining of uterus normally gets thicker to prepare for a possible pregnancy. 4 Includes 15-28 days Uterine cycle - Refers to the changes that occur in the inner lining of the uterus It has four phases 1. Menstrual phase - Day 1 , onset of menstruation - Uterine lining is shed - Follicle begins to develop - Ends when the menstrual period stops on approximately day 5 of the cycle 2. Proliferative phase - Uterine lining becomes thicker - Ends with ovulation on day 14 3. Secretory phase - Corpus luteum begins to produce progesterone - Prepares for pregnancy 4. Ischemic phase - Days 27 and 28, estrogen and progesterone levels fall - Uterine lining becomes ischemic and begins to slough 5 Cervical mucus changes - Menstrual phase: Cervix does not produce mucus - Proliferative phase: a tackey, crumbly type of mucus that is yellow or white - Ovulation: Distensible, stretchable quality called Spinnbarkheit - After ovulation: mucus becomes scanty, thick and opaque Menopause - Reproductive capability ends - Ovaries cease to function - Hormone levels fall (Usually between 47- 55 years of age) Male Reproductive System Urinary tract and reproductive system in male are closely connected The main purpose of the male reproductive organs is to perform the following functions: - To produce, maintain and transport sperm (the male reproductive cells) and protective fluid (semen). - To discharge sperm within the female reproductive tract during sex - To produce and secrete male sex hormones responsible for maintaining the male reproductive sex. Male External Genitalia Penis Scrotum Penis: - It is the male organ used in sexual intercourse. It composed of three parts; the root, , the body (shaft) and the glans at the end of the penis which is covered with a loose layer of skin called foreskin (circumcision). - Serves a dual role as the male organ of reproduction and as the external organ of urinary elimination. 6 Scrotum: An external sac that houses the testes in two internal compartments. Protects the testes from trauma and regulates the temperature within the testes. Male Internal Reproductive Organs Testes: - Two oval organs, one within each scrotal sac - Produce male sex hormones (androgens) and form mature spermatozoa Ductal system (vas deference) The muscular tube in which sperm begin their journey out of a man’s body. Accessory glands and semen (Seminal vesicles, Prostate, Cowper’s gland) 7 .