Lehigh University Lehigh Preserve Theses and Dissertations 2014 Investigations into Convective Deposition from Fundamental and Application-Driven Perspectives Alexander L. Weldon Lehigh University Follow this and additional works at: http://preserve.lehigh.edu/etd Part of the Chemical Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Weldon, Alexander L., "Investigations into Convective Deposition from Fundamental and Application-Driven Perspectives" (2014). Theses and Dissertations. Paper 1667. This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by Lehigh Preserve. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Lehigh Preserve. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Investigations into Convective Deposition from Fundamental and Application-Driven Perspectives by Alexander L. Weldon Presented to the Graduate and Research Committee of Lehigh University in Candidacy for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Chemical Engineering Lehigh University May 2014 Copyright by Alexander L. Weldon 2014 ii Certificate of Approval Approved and recommended for acceptance as a dissertation in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. __________________ Date _________________________________________ James F. Gilchrist, Ph.D. Dissertation Advisor __________________ Accepted Date Committee Members: _________________________________________ James F. Gilchrist, Ph.D. Committee Chair _________________________________________ Manoj K. Chaudhury, Ph.D. Committee Member _________________________________________ Xuanhong Cheng, Ph.D. Committee Member _________________________________________ Mark A. Snyder, Ph.D. Committee Member iii Acknowledgements Special thanks to my dissertation advisor, James F. Gilchrist for his invaluable insight and quick wit throughout my doctoral research. Also, thank you to the Chemical Engineering department at Lehigh University, and especially my committee members: Professors Chaudhury, Cheng, Klein, and Snyder. The Gilchrist lab has been a constant source of companionship and support throughout the years—in particular, Pisist Kumnorkaew was essential in helping me to hit the ground running in my research. In addition, the graduate student population as a whole has made my time at Lehigh fun and productive. I thank you all. Also, I would like to recognize my friends, family, and girlfriend Megan for their support through the long grind of graduate school. They have all endured long nights in the lab, and an uncertain timeline, to a greater or lesser degree. In addition, athletics have kept me sane and balanced while completing my dissertation, and I would like to acknowledge all the individuals with whom I have trained and completed throughout the years. These include the athletes of South Mountain Crossfit and Crossfit Lehigh Valley, the Endurance Multisport Extreme Team, other graduate students at Lehigh, and a host of others who shall go unnamed. With regards to specific studies, I would like to acknowledge those who helped make our successes possible. Matching Constituent Fluxes for Convective Deposition of Binary Suspensions (Chapter 3) iv Pisist Kumnorkaew (CHE, Lehigh) and I carried out this study with the advice and support of James F. Gilchrist (CHE, Lehigh). Polystyrene nanoparticles were prepared by the Emulsion Polymers Institute at Lehigh University. In addition, we gratefully acknowledge the support of the National Science Foundation under award number 0828426. P.K. is grateful for the support of the Royal Thai Scholarship. Enhanced Colloidal Monolayer Assembly via Vibration-Assisted Convective Deposition (Chapter 3) Tanyakorn Muangnahpoh and I carried out this study with the advice and support of James F. Gilchrist (CHE, Lehigh). Polystyrene nanoparticles were prepared by the Emulsion Polymers Institute at Lehigh University. This material is based upon the work supported by the National Science Foundation Scalable Nanomanufacturing Program under Grant No. 1120399. T.M. gratefully acknowledges support through the Royal Thai Scholarship Program. Instability-Driven Streak Formation in Particle Convective Deposition (Chapter 4) We greatly acknowledge the help of Midhun Joy for his invaluable and tireless support writing and debugging MATLAB scripts to aid in image analysis. Drying Stress-Driven Cracking of Nanoparticle Thin Films (Chapter 5) We greatly acknowledge enlightening conversations and a burgeoning partnership with Alex Routh (CHE, Cambridge). Polystyrene nanoparticles were prepared by the Emulsion Polymers Institute at Lehigh University. Effect of Surface Nanotopography on Immunoaffinity Cell Capture in Microfluidic Devices (Chapter 6) v Bu Wang (MSE, Lehigh), Pisist Kumnorkaew (CHE, Lehigh) and I carried out this study with the advice and support of James F. Gilchrist (CHE, Lehigh) and Xuanhong Cheng (MSE, Lehigh). In addition, we are grateful for Makenzie Wolfe, Christopher Tibaldi, and Jonathan Longley’s help in nanoparticle deposition, COMSOL simulation, and AFM imaging, respectively. Funding for the research is provided by National Science Foundation under Grant No. CBET-0828426 and by the Biosystems Dynamics Summer Institute 2009, 2010 sponsored by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. Fabrication of Macroporous Polymer Membranes through Binary Convective Deposition (Chapter 7) Pisist Kumnorkaew (CHE, Lehigh) and Bu Wang (MSE, Lehigh) and I carried out this study with the advice and support of James F. Gilchrist (CHE, Lehigh) and Xuanhong Cheng (MSE, Lehigh). Polystyrene nanoparticles were prepared by the Emulsion Polymers Institute at Lehigh University. In addition, we gratefully acknowledge the support of the National Science Foundation under award number 0828426. Pisist Kumnorkaew is grateful for support under the Royal Thai Scholars program. Also we would like to thank Lehigh University and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute for their support of the Biosystems Dynamics Summer Institute at Lehigh University and specifically Sherwood Benavides, Colleen Curley, Jonathan Cursi, and Meaghan Phipps for their work through the summer 2010 BDSI program. We also thank Mark Snyder and Eric Daniels for their comments. vi Table of Contents List of Tables ................................................................................................................... xiii List of Figures ................................................................................................................. xiv Abstract .............................................................................................................................. 1 Chapter 1: Introduction ...................................................................................................... 1.1 Summary ............................................................................................................ 4 1.2 Motivation ......................................................................................................... 6 1.3 Evaporation and Capillary-Driven Particle Assembly ...................................... 9 1.4 Preliminary Studies and Expansion ................................................................. 13 1.5 References ....................................................................................................... 14 Chapter 2: Background: Convective Deposition and Assembled Morphologies ........... 2.1: Introduction and Background ......................................................................... 19 2.2: Materials and Methods ................................................................................... 23 2.2.1: Suspension Preparation ......................................................................... 23 2.2.2: Substrate Preparation ............................................................................ 23 2.2.3: Convective Deposition of Particle Suspensions .................................... 23 2.2.4: Microstructural Analysis ....................................................................... 26 2.3: Motivations and Previous Work ..................................................................... 28 2.4: Further Investigations into the Submonolayer Morphology .......................... 36 2.4.1: Gross Trends and Morphologies ........................................................... 39 2.4.2: Submonolayer Morphological Characterization: Quantitative Analysis ........................................................................................................... 45 vii 2.5: Conclusions and Impact ................................................................................. 53 2.6: References ...................................................................................................... 55 Chapter 3: Binary Convective Deposition ......................................................................... 3.1: Introduction and Previous Work .................................................................... 57 3.2: Steady Convective Deposition Expansion and Theory .................................. 65 3.2.1: Suspension Preparation ......................................................................... 65 3.2.2: Deposition ............................................................................................. 66 3.2.3: Relative Fluxes ...................................................................................... 66 3.3: Steady Convective Deposition – Experimental Results ................................. 73 3.4: Steady Convective