InstItute of MedIterranean and orIental Cultures, PolIsh AcadeMy of ScienCes PolIsh Centre of MedIterranean arChaeology, unIversIty of WarsaW II anastasIIa stuPKo-luBCZyŃsKa offerING sCenes Deir el-Bahari V In the ChaPel of hatshePsut DEIR EL-BAHARI VII INSTYTUT KULTUR ŚRÓDZIEMNOMORSKICH I ORIENTALNYCH POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK i CENTRUM ARCHEOLOGII ŚRÓDZIEMNOMORSKIEJ IM. KAZIMIERZA MICHAŁOWSKIEGO UNIWERSYTETU WARSZAWSKIEGO DEIR EL-BAHARI VII Anastasiia Stupko-Lubczyńska Sceny ofiarne w Kaplicy HatSzepSut Diachroniczna analiza motywu Warszawa 2016 Institute Of Mediterranean and Oriental Cultures, Polish Academy Of Sciences and POLISH CENTRE Of MEDITERRANEAN ARCHAEOLOGY, UNIVERSITY Of WARSAW DEIR EL-BAHARI VII Anastasiia Stupko-Lubczyńska offering SceneS in tHe Chapel of HatshepSut Diachronic Development Of their Composition and Content Warsaw 2016 Series editor EWA LASKOWSKA-KUSZTAL Scientific editor JANUSZ KARKOWSKI English translation PAUL BARFORD Proof reading HELENA SOBOL, URSZULA ŁUCZAK, JACEK ŁUCZAK Editorial assistance TOMASZ PŁÓCIENNIK Cover design ANASTASIIA STUPKO-LUBCZYŃSKA DTP MIŁOSZ TRUKAWKA Cover: Offering-bearers represented on the south wall of the Chapel of Hatshepsut, Deir el-Bahari (Photo Maciej Jawornicki) Przygotowanie anglojęzycznej wersji publikacji „Sceny ofiarne w Kaplicy Hatszepsut (Deir el-Bahari). Diachroniczna analiza motywu” autorstwa Anastasii Stupko-Lubczyńskiej finansowane w ramach umowy 866/P-DUN/2016 ze środków Ministra Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego przeznaczonych na działalność upowszechniającą naukę. The English version of the publication “Sceny ofiarne w Kaplicy Hatszepsut (Deir el-Bahari). Diachroniczna analiza motywu” by Anastasiia Stupko-Lubczyńska has been created thanks to the financial support received from the Minister of Science and Higher Education of Poland funded from the dissemination of science programme (agreement No. 866/P-DUN/2016). © 2016, Institute of Mediterranean and Oriental Cultures, Polish Academy of Sciences (IKŚiO PAN) and Anastasiia Stupko-Lubczyńska ISBN 978-83-943570-9-2 First edition, printed in Poland Institute of Mediterranean and Oriental Cultures Polish Academy of Sciences 72, Nowy Świat st. 00-330 Warsaw Poland http://www.iksiopan.pl [email protected] Fundacja “Artibus Mundi” 72/1, Wilcza st. 00-670 Warsaw Poland I dedicate this book to my parents in Ukraine. Contents Contents .................................................................................................................................................................. VII Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................................................. XIII Chronology ............................................................................................................................................................. XV Symbols and abbreviations ................................................................................................................................ XVII Bibliography .......................................................................................................................................................... XIX I. INTRoDUCtION ......................................................................................................................................... 1 I.1. Comparative material ...................................................................................................................... 3 I.2. Editorial considerations .............................................................................................................. 5 II. tHE CHAPeL OF HATSHePsUT AnD THE SAnCtUARIES oF THE pyramid TEMPLES of THE OLD AnD MIDDLE KInGDOMS ................................ 7 II.1. ARCHITECTURE .......................................................................................................................................... 7 II.2. DECORATION ............................................................................................................................................. 16 III. offering sCenes in tHe Chapel of HAtsHePsUt ............................................................ 19 III.1. offering table scene ......................................................................................................................... 19 III.1.1. Description ................................................................................................................................................... 19 III.1.2. Diachronic development and interpretation of the motif ...................................................................... 26 III.2. OFFERINg LIST .......................................................................................................................................... 37 III.2.1. Description .................................................................................................................................................. 37 III.2.2. Diachronic development of the offering lists ........................................................................................... 38 III.2.2.1. Type A offering lists ................................................................................................................................. 38 III.2.2.2. Type A/B lists and the Offering Ritual in the Pyramid Texts ............................................................ 39 III.2.2.3. Offering lists in the sanctuaries of the pyramid temples and the list in the Chapel of Hatshepsut ................................................................................................................... 40 III.2.3. The Ritual of the Opening of the Mouth ................................................................................................ 48 III.2.3.1. The Ritual of the Opening of the Mouth in the Pyramid Texts and the Type B offering lists ....... 48 III.2.3.1.1. Archaeological context of the Ritual .................................................................................................. 49 III.2.3.1.2. Meaning of the Ritual........................................................................................................................... 49 III.2.3.2. The Ritual of the Opening of the Mouth in the offering list of the Chapel of Hatshepsut............. 50 III.2.4. Composition of the offering lists .............................................................................................................. 53 III.2.4.1. Composition of the offering lists before the reign of Hatshepsut ..................................................... 54 III.2.4.2. Composition of the offering list in the Chapel of Hatshepsut ........................................................... 57 III.2.4.3. Number of columns................................................................................................................................. 58 III.2.4.4. Height of the registers ............................................................................................................................. 58 III.2.4.5. Summary ................................................................................................................................................... 58 VIII Contents III.2.5. The closing of the offering list in the Chapel of Hatshepsut ................................................................. 59 III.3. SEquence of the Ritual Acts ...................................................................................................... 62 III.3.1. Description .................................................................................................................................................. 62 III.3.2. Diachronic development of the motif ...................................................................................................... 65 III.3.2.1. Old Kingdom ........................................................................................................................................... 65 III.3.2.1.1. Early representations (type 1) ............................................................................................................. 65 III.3.2.1.2. Later representations (type 2) ............................................................................................................. 67 III.3.2.1.2.1. Type 2 representations in the private tombs ................................................................................... 67 III.3.2.1.2.2. Type 2 representations in the pyramid temples............................................................................. 69 III.3.2.1.3. The course and meaning of the ritual ................................................................................................ 73 III.3.2.1.3.1. The course of the ritual in the Pyramid Texts ................................................................................ 73 III. 3.2.1.3.2. Role and place of the sAxw in the ritual ......................................................................................... 75 III.3.2.2. Middle Kingdom...................................................................................................................................... 82 III.3.2.2.1. Representations in the pyramid temples ........................................................................................... 82 III.3.2.2.2. Representations in the private tombs ................................................................................................