Text & Image in René d'Anjou's Livre des tournois, c. 1460: Constructing Authority and Identity in Fifteenth-Century Court Culture. Presented with a Critical Edition of BnF, ms. français 2695 3 Volumes Volume I Justin Meredith Sturgeon Doctor of Philosophy University of York Medieval Studies September 2015 Abstract This thesis addresses René d'Anjou's Livre des tournois as a holistic product of late- medieval court culture. It argues that the work can only be decoded when text and image are considered as inseparable mutually exegetic components. This thesis adopts an interdisciplinary methodology and draws on a diverse range of visual, historical, material and literary sources. The structure is based on a series of focussed case studies into aspects of the Livre des tournois that have been understudied or are in need of reconsideration. Chapter 1 explores the relationship between the work's images and text and the impact on the author's identity as an authority on the subject. Chapter 2 scrutinises the use and depiction of heraldry essential to the construction of a visual narrative within the work. Chapter 3 addresses the heralds' duties and how these roles compare to the precedents found in late- medieval tournament and court culture. Chapter 4 examines René's influences and sources by focussing on the similarities between the form of tournament described and historic precedents related to the combat, location, participants and equipment. Chapter 5 utilises spatial and ritual theories to engage with a series of spectacles surrounding the punishment and review of the tourneyers in relation to group identity. Chapter 6 analyses the codicological, textual and visual evidence from all eight known medieval manuscript copies and demonstrates a revised understanding of the provenance and transmission of the work, before scrutinising the reception of two copies in detail. The conclusion draws together threads of identity, authority and the importance of the book as a product of the culture and circumstances of its production. A series of appendices support this thesis, including a scholarly edition of BnF, ms. fr. 2695, a revised stemma, and comparative tables of the codicological data of all extant manuscript copies. - iii - - iv - Table of Contents Volume I Abstract iii Contents v Tables ix List of Figures xi Dedication xxv Acknowledgements xxvii Author's Declaration xxix Introduction 1 Chapter 1 Text and Image in the Livre des tournois: Creating Authorial Identity and Projecting Authority 37 1.1 Introduction 37 1.2 Author and Artist 38 1.3 Text and Image 46 1.4 Nature of Representation 61 1.5 Conclusion 87 Chapter 2 Heraldry: The Interaction of Imagination and Reality 89 2.1 Introduction 89 2.2 The Representation of Heraldry in the Livre des tournois 99 2.3 Heraldry at the Intersection of Imagination and Reality 137 2.4 Conclusion 142 Chapter 3 The Role of the Herald in the Livre des tournois 145 3.1 Introduction 145 3.2 Masters of Protocol and Ceremony 152 3.3 Record Keepers and Experts in Chivalric Deeds of Arms 169 3.4 Expertise in the Science of Blazon 184 3.5 Conclusion 192 - v - Chapter 4 Tournaments, Customs and Authority in the Livre des tournois 195 4.1 Introduction 195 4.2 Combat 197 4.3 Participants 221 4.4 Location 233 4.5 Tournament Equipment 245 4.6 Conclusion 255 Chapter 5 Ritual and Regulation: The Tournament as a Tribunal and the Spectacle of Punishment 259 5.1 Introduction 259 5.2 Display and Review 270 5.3 The Spectacle of Punishment 285 5.4 The Tournament as an Initiation Ritual 299 5.5 Conclusion 310 Chapter 6 Transmission and Reception of the Livre des tournois 315 6.1 Introduction 315 6.2 Transmission 316 6.3 Louis de Bruges and the Livre des tournois: A Case Study in Reception 353 6.4 Conclusion 373 Conclusion 377 Abbreviations 387 Bibliography 389 Volume II - Appendices Table of Contents 469 Editorial Conventions for Appendix A 471 Appendix A Edition of BnF, ms. français 2695 475 - vi - Appendix B Stemma 717 Appendix C Image Table 719 Appendix D Table of Image Descriptions 731 Appendix E Catalogue Descriptions 767 Volume III - Figures - vii - - viii - Tables 1. Siglum 315 - ix - - x - List of Figures 1. The Duke of Brittany Issues the Challenge. Livre des tournois. P1, f. 3v. 795 2. The Duke of Bourbon Accepts the Challenge. Livre des tournois. P1, f. 7r. 796 3. The Duke of Bourbon Selects the Judges. Livre des tournois. P1, f. 11r. 797 4. The King of Arms Delivers the Letters of Appointment to the Judges. Livre des tournois. P1, f. 13v. 798 5. The King of Arms and Heralds Announce the Tournament. Livre des tournois. P1, f. 19r. 799 6. The Assembly of the Helmet and Crest. Livre des tournois. P1, f. 23v. 800 7. A Cuirasse for the Tournament. Livre des tournois. P1, f. 25v. 801 8. Two Styles of Arm Harnesses for the Tournament. Livre des tournois. P1, f. 27v. 802 9. Three Styles of Gauntlets for the Tournament. Livre des tournois. P1, f. 29v. 803 10. The Tournament Sword and Mace. Livre des tournois. P1, f. 31v. 804 11. The Padded Sack for the Hourt. Livre des tournois. P1, f. 37v. 805 12. An Interior View of the Hourt. Livre des tournois. P1, f. 39v. 806 13. An Exterior View of the Hourt. Livre des tournois. P1, f. 41v. 807 14. The Fully Assembled and Decorated Hourt. Livre des tournois. P1, f. 43v. 808 15. The Two Captains Mounted, Armed and with Crests as if at the Tournament. Livre des tournois. P1, ff. 45v-46r. 809 16. The Tournament Lists. Livre des tournois. P1, ff. 48v-49r. 810 17. The Entry of the Duke of Brittany. Livre des tournois. P1, ff. 51v-52r. 811 18. The Display of Arms Outside the Tourneyers' Lodgings. Livre des tournois. P1, ff. 54v-55r. 812 19. The Entry of the Judges. Livre des tournois. P1, ff. 57v-58r. 813 20. The Poster of the King of Arms. Livre des tournois. P1, f. 62r. 814 21. The Procession of Tourneyers to the Review of Helmets and Crests. Livre des tournois. P1, ff. 66v-67r. 815 22. The Review of Helmets and Crests. Livre des tournois. P1, ff. 67v-68r. 816 23. Procession to and the Swearing of the Tournament Oath. Livre des tournois. P1, ff. 76v-77r. 817 24. The Commencement of the Tournament Melee. Livre des tournois. P1, ff. 97v-98r. 818 25. The Tournament Melee. Livre des tournois. P1, ff. 100v-101r. 819 26. The Awarding of the Tournament Prize. Livre des tournois. P1, f. 103v. 820 27. Detail showing the fold in the image from The Awarding of the Tournament Prize. Livre des tournois. P1, f. 103v. 821 - xi - 28. Detail showing the artist's interpretation of the fold in P1 from The Awarding of the Tournament Prize. Livre des tournois. P3, f. 64v. 822 29. Detail showing the same area in the previous images from The Awarding of the Tournament Prize. Livre des tournois. P2, f. 55v. 823 30. Detail showing the same area in the previous images from The Awarding of the Tournament Prize. Livre des tournois. P4, f. 70v. 824 31. Detail showing sword anomaly from The Tournament Melee. Livre des tournois. P1, ff. 100v-101r. 825 32. Detail showing sword anomaly from The Tournament Melee. Livre des tournois. K, ff. 48v-49r. 826 33. Detail showing sword anomaly from The Tournament Melee. Livre des tournois. P2, ff. 52v-53r. 827 34. Detail showing sword anomaly from The Tournament Melee. Livre des tournois. P3, ff. 60v-61r. 828 35. Detail showing same area as the previous images from The Tournament Melee. Livre des tournois. P4, ff. 67v-68r. 829 36. Detail showing presence of the sword anomaly in the underdrawing of The Tournament Melee. Livre des tournois. P4, ff. 67v-68r. 830 37. René d'Anjou Joust with the Duke of Alençon. Relation du pas de Saumur. NLR, ms. fr. F. p. XIV, 4, f. 24v. 831 38. Procession to the Joust. Account of a feat of Arms held at Tours in 1446. RAL, f. 41r. 832 39. Frontispiece. Pas de la Bergère. BnF, ms. français 1974, f. 1r. 833 40. René d'Anjou's Coat of Arms. Armorial de l'ordre du Croissant. BnF, ms. français 25204, f. 52r. 834 41. Portrait of Jacopo Antonio Marcello. Passio Mauricii et sotiorum ejus. Arsenal, rés. ms. 940, f. 38v. 835 42. Assembly of the Order of the Crescent. Passio Mauricii et sotiorum ejus. Arsenal, rés. ms. 940, f. Cv. 836 43. Assault on the City to Retrieve the Daughter of the Captain. Le Mortifiment de vaine plaisance. Bodmer, codex 144, f. 45r. 837 44. Dream of King René. Le Livre du Cœur. ÖNB, codex Vindobonensis 2597, f. 2r. 838 45. Kiss of the Shepherd and Sheperdess. Regnault et Jehanneton. NLR, fr. Q. p. XIV. 1, f. 12r. 839 46. Nine Figures Representing Antiquity. Chronique universelle. SMB, Kupferstichkabinett, KDZ 24599. 840 47. Detail of Mary and Elizabeth. Book of Hours. PML, MS M.358, f. 40r. 841 48. Presentation Scene. La Théséide. ÖNB, codex Vindobonensis 2617, f. 14v. 842 49. René d'Anjou's Coat of Arms. The Egerton Hours. BL, Egerton, ms. 1070, f. 4v. 843 - xii - 50. View of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. The Egerton Hours. BL, Egerton, ms. 1070, f. 5r. 844 51. September. Les Trés Riches Heures du duc de Berry. Condé, ms. 65, f. 9v. 845 52. Portrait of Louis II d'Anjou. BnF, estampes, chambre de Mazarin. 846 53. Louis II d'Anjou and Saint René.