War, Religion and Court Patronage in Habsburg Austria The Social and Cultural Dimensions of Political Interaction, 1521–1622 Karin J. MacHardy Studies in Modern History General Editor: J. C. D. Clark, Joyce and Elizabeth Hall Distinguished Professor of British History, University of Kansas Titles include: Jonathan Clark and Howard Erskine-Hill (editors) SAMUEL JOHNSON IN HISTORICAL CONTEXT Bernard Cottret (editors) BOLINGBROKE’S POLITICAL WRITINGS The Conservative Enlightenment Richard R. Follet EVANGELICALISM, PENAL THEORY AND THE POLITICS OF CRIMINAL LAW REFORM IN ENGLAND, 1808–30 Andrew Godley JEWISH IMMIGRANT ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN NEW YORK AND LONDON, 1880–1914 Phillip Hicks NEOCLASSICAL HISTORY AND ENGLISH CULTURE From Clarendon to Hume Mary Keay WILLIAM WORDSWORTH’S GOLDEN AGE THEORIES DURING THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN ENGLAND, 1750–1850 William M. Kuhn DEMOCRATIC ROYALISM The Transformation of the British Monarchy, 1861–1950 Kim Lawes PATERNALISM AND POLITICS The Revival of Paternalism in Early Nineteenth-Century Britain Marisa Linton THE POLITICS OF VIRTUE IN ENLIGHTENMENT FRANCE Nancy D. LoPatin POLITICAL UNIONS, POPULAR POLITICS AND THE GREAT REFORM ACT OF 1832 Karin J. MacHardy WAR, RELIGION AND COURT PATRONAGE IN HABSBURG AUSTRIA The Social and Cultural Dimensions of Political Interaction, 1521–1622 Marjorie Morgan NATIONAL IDENTITIES AND TRAVEL IN VICTORIAN BRITAIN James Muldoon EMPIRE AND ORDER The Concept of Empire, 800–1800 W.D. Rubinstein and Hilary Rubinstein PHILOSEMITISM Admiration and Support for Jews in the English-Speaking World, 1840–1939 Julia Rudolph WHIG POLITICAL THOUGHT AND THE GLORIOUS REVOLUTION James Tyrell and the Theory of Resistance Lisa Steffan TREASON AND NATIONAL IDENTITY Defining a British State, 1608–1820 Timothy J. Sinclair and Kenneth P. Thomas (editors) STRUCTURE AND AGENCY IN INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL MOBILITY Lynne Taylor BETWEEN RESISTANCE AND COLLABORATION Popular Protest in Northern France, 1940–45 Studies in Modern History Series Standing Order ISBN 0–333–79328–5 (outside North America only) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address, the title of the series and the ISBN quoted above. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England War, Religion and Court Patronage in Habsburg Austria The Social and Cultural Dimensions of Political Interaction, 1521–1622 Karin J. MacHardy © Karin J. MacHardy 2003 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted her right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2003 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 Companies and representatives throughout the world. PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St Martin’s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN 0–333–57241–6 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data MacHardy, Karin Jutta. War, religion and court patronage in Habsburg Austria: the social and cultural dimensions of political interaction, 1521–1622/Karin J. MacHardy. p. cm. – (Studies in modern history) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0–333–57241–6 1. Austria – Politics and government – 16th century. 2. Austria – Politics and government – 17th century. 3. Habsburg, House of. 4. Patronage, Political – Austria – History – 16th century. 5. Patronage, Political – Austria – History – 17th century. 6. Austria – Military policy. 7. Courts and courtiers – Austria. 8. Church and state – Austria – History – 16th century. 9 Church and State – Austria – History – 17th century. 10. Austria – Kings and rulers. 11. Vienna (Austria) – Social life and customs. I. Title. II. Studies in modern history (Palgrave(Firm)) DB65 M26 2002 943.6’03-dc21 2001050806 10987654321 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 Printed and bound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham and Eastbourne To Mike This page intentionally left blank Contents List of Tables ix List of Figures x Acknowledgements xi List of Abbreviations xiii Introduction 1 Part I Coordinating State, Reformation and Elites 1 Political Culture, Political Space 21 The rise of co-ordinating states 22 Geopolitics and territorial consolidation 25 Coalescent infrastructures: military and financial administrations 29 Bargaining over judicial competence 36 2 Religious Reformations and Civil War 47 Lutheran reformation, church patronage and compromise 49 Confessionalization and conflict over church property 57 Toward civil war 66 Loyalists and noble opposition in lower Austria: a profile 76 3 Discourse of Division, 1618–20 89 Endowments and defining the Catholic other 91 Security, tyranny and resistance 96 Instruments of security: Austrian and Bohemian Confederations 104 ‘One God, one prince, one law’: the Catholic response 108 Conclusion to Part I 117 Part II Court Patronage and Noble Strategies 4 Social Capital, Symbolic Power and Religious Conflict 125 Social capital, symbolic power and social conflict 126 Type-preserving changes of the social structure 134 Confessionalizing the struggle over social classification 137 vii viii Contents 5 Advancing at the Imperial Court 151 Centres of patronage and career opportunities 152 Producing economic, social and symbolic capital at court 159 Cultural capital and noble identity 164 Redefining virtue and the conversion of cultural capital 175 6 Confessionalizing Court Patronage 183 Rechannelling patronage at the Imperial court 184 Unfulfilled ambitions: career advancement of provincial nobles 187 The redistribution of landed property 201 Conclusion to Part II 210 Notes and References 214 Bibliography 278 Author Index 301 Subject Index 306 viii List of Tables 2.1 Division of the Protestant noble Estates, 1620 78 2.2 Political affiliation and office-holding among Lower Austrian Protestants, 1620 80 4.1 Age of nobility of knightly families, 1620 130 4.2 Social mobility of families into the Estate of Knights, 1620 130 4.3 Social composition of the Estate of Lords by age of baronage, 1620 132 4.4 Social composition of the Estates of Lords by date of admission, 1620 132 4.5 Size of the noble Estates, 1415–1720/27 135 4.6 Distribution of confessions among individual members of the Estate of Knights and Lords (combined) 147 6.1 Distribution of offices among Lower Austrian knights, 1580 and 1620 188 6.2 Distribution of offices among Lower Austrian lords, 1580 and 1620 189 6.3 Distribution of offices among the old and new knights, 1580 and 1620 190 6.4 Distribution of offices among the old and new lords, 1580 and 1620 190 6.5 Distribution of offices among Protestant knights and lords, 1580 and 1620 194 6.6 Distribution of offices among Catholic knights and lords, 1580 and 1620 195 6.7 Concentration of peasant households among lords, 1580 204 6.8 Concentration of peasant households among lords, 1620 204 6.9 Concentration of peasant households among knights, 1580 204 6.10 Concentration of peasant households among knights, 1620 205 6.11 Numerical distribution of peasant households among Protestant knights and lords, 1580 and 1620 208 6.12 Numerical distribution of peasant households among Catholic knights and lords, 1580 and 1620 209 ix List of Figures 4.1 Age of nobility of knightly families, 1620 130 4.2 Social mobility of families into the Estate of Knights, 1620 130 4.3 Social composition of the Estate of Lords by age of baronage, 1620 132 4.4 Social composition of the Estate of Lords by date of admission, 1620 132 4.5 Distribution of individual members in the Lords’ and Knights’ Estates (combined), 1580 and 1620 135 4.6 Possibilities of upward status mobility (after 1572) 138 4.7 Admissions to the Estate of Knights by confession and decade, 1570–1619 143 4.8 Distribution of confessions in the Estate of Knights by family 144 4.9 Admissions to the Estate of Lords by confession and decade, 1570–1619 145 4.10 Distribution of confessions in the Estate of Lords by family, 1580 and 1620 146 4.11 Distribution of confessions in the noble Estates (combined) by family, 1580 and 1620 147 6.1 Numerical distribution of positions among Protestant and Catholic knights, 1580 191 6.2 Numerical distribution of positions among Protestant and Catholic knights, 1620 192 6.3 Numerical distribution of positions among Protestant and Catholic lords, 1580 196 6.4 Numerical distribution of positions among Protestant and Catholic lords, 1620 197 6.5 Distribution of offices