Grapevine phenology in France : from past observations to future evolutions in the context of climate change Inaki Garcia de Cortazar Atauri, Eric Duchêne, Agnes Destrac, Gérard Barbeau, Laure de Resseguier, Thierry Lacombe, Amber K. Parker, Nicolas Saurin, Cornelis van Leeuwen To cite this version: Inaki Garcia de Cortazar Atauri, Eric Duchêne, Agnes Destrac, Gérard Barbeau, Laure de Resseguier, et al.. Grapevine phenology in France : from past observations to future evolutions in the context of climate change. OENO One, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin (Université de Bordeaux), 2017, 51 (2), pp.115 - 126. 10.20870/oeno-one.2016.0.0.1622. hal-01626522 HAL Id: hal-01626522 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01626522 Submitted on 30 Oct 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution| 4.0 International License Volume 51 > Number 2 > 2017 Grapevine phenology in France : from past observations to future evolutions in the context of climate change Iñaki García de Cortázar-Atauri 1* , Éric Duchêne 2, Agnès Destrac-Irvine 3, Gérard Barbeau 4, Laure de Rességuier 3, Thierry Lacombe 5, Amber K. Parker 6, Nicolas Saurin 7, Cornelis van Leeuwen 3 1INRA, US1116 AgroClim, 84914 Avignon, France 2INRA, UMR1131 SVQV , 68000 Colmar, France 3Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, UMR1287 EGFV, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France 4INRA, UE1117 UVV, F-49071 Angers, France 5INRA, UMR1334 AGAP, F-34060 Montpellier, France 6Lincoln University, PO Box 85084, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand 7INRA, UE0999 Pech Rouge, F-11430 Gruissan, France This article is published in cooperation with the ClimWine international conference held in Bordeaux 11-13 April 2016. Guest editor: Nathalie Ollat Abstract Aim : Phenology is a key factor in explaining the distribution and diversity of current vineyards in France. This work has the objective to summarize the different studies developed in France to analyze grapevine phenology. Methods and results : Several topics are presented : a general description of all historical databases and observatory networks developed in France during the last 70 years ; an overview of the different models developed to calculate the main phenological stages ; an analysis of the main results obtained using these models in the context of studies of climate change impacts on viticulture in France ; and finally a general discussion about the main strategies to adapt the phenological cycle to future climate conditions. Conclusion : This review emphasizes that even if phenology is not the only trait to be considered for adapting grapevine to climate change, it plays a major role in the distribution of the current variety x vineyard associations. Significance and impact of the study : It is therefore critical to continue to study phenology in order to better understand its physiological and genetic basis and to define the best strategies to adapt to future climatic conditions. Keywords : Vitis vinifera L., phenology, climate change, dataset, model, observation, France, cultivar Received : 9 September 2016; Accepted : 4 November 2016 DOI: 10.20870/oeno-one.2016.0.0.1622 OENO One, 2017, 51 , 2, 115-126 *Corresponding author : [email protected] - 115 - ©Université de Bordeaux (Bordeaux, France) I © O ñ E U a k N n Table 1. Classification of the phenological timing of the 43 cultivars covering 95 % of the French vineyards. i i O v G e Five groups of phenological timing were defined using F* values ([1120 - 1411] and [2286 - 2941] for flowering and veraison, respectively) calculated using the GFV model (Parker et al. , 2013). Note O a r r s n c i e there are no French vineyard varieties in the Very Early or Very Late classes based on the data published in Parker et al. (2013). t í é a , 2 d Groups were built assuming a normal distribution of the F* value and calculating different percentage values. d 0 e e 1 B C 7 o o , r r 5 d t 1 á e z , a a 2 u r , x .&%O#0;$') 9#0+;,%$ - 1 A ( 1 B t 5 1+$'#)%2)./)3+&4#,) E4:6#0) 1+$'#)%2)./)3+&4#,) E4:6#0) a o u - 1 r !"#$%&%'() r d i 2 e -)./)0+$'# 56+,#7)%$)8.9):%7#&);$) %2) 9+0;#=;#, 56+,#7)%$)8.9):%7#&) %2) 9+0;#=;#, 6 e a *&+,, t u a x !+0<#0)#=)+&>?)@ABCD) 3+0;#=;#, ;$)!+0<#0)!"#$%>?)@ABCD) 3+0;#=;#, l , . F r 9#0()F+0&( )G)H- !"##$% # &'()*'+ !",$#- . / a n c F+0&( H)I)@H- ##$%"/"##0, # 1*)23"4+*5 ,$#-"/",%%0 # &'()*'+ e ) 78*9:)3'";2(59<'3="78*423>=" 78*9:)3'";2(59<'3="78*423>="7+:?2)=" 7+:?2)="7(@'++2*5="A:B'+)'3" 7(@'++2*5="A:B'+)'3"C+:)9=" C+:)9="A:B'+)'3/D:(E*4)2)=" A:B'+)'3/D:(E*4)2)="A:+*4):)=" A:+*4):)="A<:+F2)):G="A<')*)=" A<:+F2)):G="A<')*)="A*)5:(3=" A*)5:(3="A8:*+'33'="A282?B:+F=" A8:*+'33'="A282?B:+F="A23="H:?:G=" A23="H:?:G="H'@(+53+:?*)'+=" - H'@(+53+:?*)'+="H+'):9<'=" H+'):9<'="H+'):9<'"B8:)9=" 1 1 6 H+'):9<'"B8:)9="H+'):9<'"4+*5=" H+'):9<'"4+*5="H+288':(=" - J#7;4: @H)I)KH- ##0,"/"#$$- $6 ,%%0"/",PPP $- H+288':(="H+25"&:)5')4="&:9:B'(=" &:9:B'(="&:+5'8:)="&:(I:9=" &:+5'8:)="&:(I:9="&'82)="&'+823=" &'82)="&'+823="&2(+EQF+'=" &(59:3"J"K'3*35"4+:*)5="L*'88(99*2=" &(59:3"J"K'3*35"4+:*)5="&(59:3" 1*)23")2*+="1*M('K2(8"B8:)9=" FR78'S:)F+*'="L*'88(99*2="1*)23" N*'58*)4="N2(55:))'="D:(E*4)2)=" )2*+="1*)23"4+*5="1*M('K2(8"B8:)9=" D'?*882)="DG+:<="O'+?')3*)2=" N*'58*)4="N2(55:))'="D:(E*4)2)=" O*24)*'+ D'?*882)="DG+:<="O'+?')3*)2=" O*24)*'+" A:8:F29="&2(+EQF+'="&(59:3" A:8:F29="H+25"&:)5')4="U:)):3=" L+=# KH)I)MH- #$$-"/"#$06 T ,PPP"/",0.- % FR78'S:)F+*'="U:)):3="V4)*";8:)9= V4)*"B8:)9 9#0()L+=# N)MH- W"#$06 . / W",0.- . / Introduction the main strategies investigated to adapt the phenological cycle to future climate conditions. Phenology is the study of recurring plant and animal life cycle stages in relation to weather and climate Historical observations, databases and (Schwartz, 2013). As for many other crops, grapevine observatories phenology studies have been largely reported in the In France there is a long tradition of observing literature (see Coombe, 1995 and Jones, 2013 for a grapevine phenology. Several comprehensive review). Usually, winegrowers use this information to phenological databases have been established over 1) choose the variety that is more suitable to their the past 35 years as a result of the extensive vineyard and 2) adapt their practices (i. e. collection of diverse phenological data from a range fertilization, topping) to variations in climatic of sites and years. conditions in space (among vineyards) and in time (among vintages). Multiple grapevine observatories have been Phenology is considered as the first biological implemented in different INRA (French national indicator of climate change (Menzel et al. , 2006). In institute of agronomical research) centers in the past, the three main grapevine phenological stages Bordeaux, Angers, Colmar and Montpellier. In each (budbreak, flowering, veraison) and the harvest dates of these sites, several local varieties (for example have been used to quantify the magnitude of climate Chenin in Angers, Gewürztraminer and Riesling in change in several vineyards over the world (Jones et Colmar) as well as varieties imported from other al. , 2005). In this context, phenology is also regions of France (for example Cabernet-Sauvignon described as one of the main factors to be explored in Colmar) have been monitored over several years, for varietal adaptation (Duchêne et al. , 2010). in some cases since the 1950s. Near Montpellier, the Domaine de Vassal germplasm repository Grapevine diversity is large, representing 5000 – (www6.montpellier.inra.fr/vassal/), which includes 10000 cultivars of Vitis vinifera L. (Lacombe et al. , more than 2700 cultivars of Vitis vinifera L., was set 2013). Phenological diversity of this species is up in the 1950s, and since then, key stages of particularly high and has been addressed in several phenology have been monitored annually for a studies quantifying and describing the existing number of varieties. All these data have been variability for this trait at the species level collected and stored by different methods and by (Boursiquot et al. , 1995, Parker et al. , 2013). different teams in the last 70 years. Currently in France it is possible to cultivate 347 In this context, by the early 2000s, several varieties for fruit production (wine grape and table information systems and databases have been grape). However, only 10 varieties (Merlot, developed in France in order to store, structure and Grenache, Ugni blanc, Syrah, Cabernet-Sauvignon, centralize phenological data. In 2002, the Chardonnay, Carignan, Cabernet franc, Pinot noir and PHENOCLIM database was created by INRA in Sauvignon) represent 71.7 % of the total surface area order to compile the historical observed data from of planted vines (FranceAgriMer, 2014), and only 43 main varieties of perennial crops studied at INRA varieties cover 95 % of the total vineyard surface area and in other technical institutes.