View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector NORTEAMÉRICA, Year 8, Special Issue 2013 Recibido: 20/04/2013 Aceptado: 11/11/2013 Institutional Racism in Enforcing Immigration Law DORIS MARIE PROVINE* ABSTRACT 7KH8QLWHG6WDWHVLVFRPPLWWHGWRDJJUHVVLYHHͿRUWVWRUHPRYHXQDXWKRUL]HGLPPLJUDQWVZKLOH KRQRULQJLWVFRPPLWPHQWWRUDFHQHXWUDOLW\<HWLPPLJUDWLRQHQIRUFHPHQWKDVGLVSURSRUWLRQ DWHO\WDUJHWHG0H[LFDQVDQG&HQWUDO$PHULFDQV7KHUDFLDOELDVFDQEHIRXQGDWERWKWKHIHGHUDO DQGORFDOOHYHOVZKHUHORFDOSROLFHDUHEHFRPLQJLQFUHDVLQJO\LQYROYHGLQORFDWLQJXQDXWKRU L]HGLPPLJUDQWV7KHORFDOH[DPSOHIHDWXUHGKHUHLV$UL]RQDEHFDXVHRILWVKLVWRULFDOUHODWLRQVKLS ZLWK0H[LFRDQGLWVHQWKXVLDVPIRULPPLJUDWLRQHQIRUFHPHQW,ÀQGWKDWWKHFXUUHQWPL[RIIHGHUDO DQGORFDOHQIRUFHPHQWGLVFULPLQDWHVUDFLDOO\WKURXJKSURÀOLQJK\SHUVXUYHLOODQFHDEXVLYHVWRSV SUREOHPDWLFVHDUFKHVDQGXQZDUUDQWHGGHWHQWLRQ Key words: LPPLJUDWLRQ HQIRUFHPHQW HWKQRUDFLDO SURÀOLQJ SUHWH[WXDO VWRSV GHYROXWLRQ SOHQDU\SRZHU RESUMEN (VWDGRV8QLGRVVHKDFRPSURPHWLGRDUHDOL]DULPSRUWDQWHVHVIXHU]RVSDUDVDFDUDORVLQPLJUDQ WHVQRDXWRUL]DGRVGHVXWHUULWRULRDOPLVPRWLHPSRTXHPDQWLHQHVXFRPSURPLVRFRQODQHXWUDOL GDGUDFLDOVLQHPEDUJRODLQVWLWXFLyQHQFDUJDGDGHKDFHUFXPSOLUODVOH\HVGHLQPLJUDFLyQVHKDQ HQVDxDGRGHPDQHUDGHVSURSRUFLRQDGDFRQWUDORVPH[LFDQRV\FHQWURDPHULFDQRV(OSUHMXLFLRUD FLDOVHSXHGHHQFRQWUDUWDQWRHQHOQLYHOIHGHUDOFRPRHQHOORFDOGRQGHODSROLFtDFDGDYH]VHLQYR OXFUDPiVHQXELFDUDORVLQPLJUDQWHVQRDXWRUL]DGRV(OHMHPSORTXHHQHVWHDUWtFXORDQDOL]DPRV HVHOGH$UL]RQDGHELGRDVXUHODFLyQKLVWyULFDFRQ0p[LFR\DVXYHKHPHQFLDHQODSHUVHFXFLyQGH LQPLJUDQWHV6HPXHVWUDFyPRHOWUDEDMRFRQMXQWRGHODVDJHQFLDVORFDOHV\IHGHUDOHVUHVXOWDUDFLDO PHQWHGLVFULPLQDWRULRGHELGRDORVSHUÀOHVTXHHODERUDDVtFRPRSRUODYLJLODQFLDH[DJHUDGDORVUH WHQHVDEXVLYRVORVUHJLVWURVSUREOHPiWLFRV\ODVGHWHQFLRQHVDUELWUDULDV Palabras clave:DJHQFLDVGHUHJXODFLyQGHODLQPLJUDFLyQSHUÀOHVHWQRUUDFLDOHVGHWHQFLRQHV pretextuales, descentralización, poder plenario. * 3URIHVVRUEmerita, 6FKRRORI6RFLDO7UDQVIRUPDWLRQ$UL]RQD6WDWH8QLYHUVLW\PDULHSURYLQH#JPDLOFRP 31 DORIS MARIE PROVINE NORTEAMÉRICA INTRODUCTION 5DFHDQGLPPLJUDWLRQODZDUH²SHUKDSVLQHYLWDEO\²LQWHUWZLQHG7KHGHVLUHWRVHSD UDWHSHRSOHE\UDFHDQGVRPHWLPHVE\UHOLJLRQKDVRIWHQDQLPDWHGFDPSDLJQVIRUH[ FOXVLRQDU\ ODZV 7KHVH FDPSDLJQV DUH VRPHWLPHV VXFFHVVIXO DV LQ WKH DGRSWLRQ RI ZKDW EHFDPH NQRZQ DV WKH &KLQHVH ([FOXVLRQ ODZV LQ WKH ODWH QLQHWHHQWK FHQWXU\ &DOLIRUQLDQVDUGHQWO\FDPSDLJQHGIRUWKHVHODZVGHVLJQHGWRGLVFRXUDJH&KLQHVHPL JUDQWVIURPVHWWOLQJRUUHPDLQLQJLQWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV6XSSRUWHUVMXVWLÀHGWKHVHODZV RQWKHEDVLVWKDW&KLQHVHSHRSOHDUHLQKHUHQWO\LQFDSDEOHRIDVVLPLODWLRQLQWRWKH86 $PHULFDQZD\RIOLIH7KH866XSUHPH&RXUWERXJKWWKLVORJLFDQGXSKHOGWKHOHJLV ODWLRQLQDVHULHVRISUHFHGHQWVHWWLQJFDVHV VHHIRUH[DPSOH3DUN&KLQ 2YHUWLPHWKHUROHRIUDFHDQGUDFLVPLQLPPLJUDWLRQODZKDVFKDQJHG/DZV WKDWH[SOLFLWO\WDUJHWSDUWLFXODUJURXSVIRULQFOXVLRQRUH[FOXVLRQFDQQRORQJHUEH MXVWLÀHGRQHXJHQLFJURXQGV *RPH] <HWLPPLJUDWLRQODZVDQGSROLFLHVWKDW OHDYHURRPIRUUDFHWRSOD\DVLJQLÀFDQWUROHLQHQIRUFHPHQWDUHQRWRQO\WROHUDWHG EXW RIWHQ HPEUDFHG E\ LPPLJUDWLRQ UHVWULFWLRQLVWV 6LQHPD 7KH\ W\SLFDOO\ IHDWXUHDODUJHPHDVXUHRIGLVFUHWLRQIRUWKHIURQWOLQHRFLDOVZKRGHWHUPLQHZKHQ VXUYHLOODQFHRFFXUVDQGZKDWFDVHVJHWSULRULW\6DIHJXDUGVWRSUHYHQWDEXVHVDUH JHQHUDOO\ODFNLQJ 7KHHQGXULQJUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQUDFHDQGLPPLJUDWLRQODZFDQEHWUDFHGWR SRSXODUIHDUVDQGDQ[LHWLHVDERXWUDFLDO´RWKHUVµDQGWKHIUDJLOLW\RIQDWLRQDODOOH JLDQFHVZKLFKGHSHQGRQDVHQVHRIIHOORZIHHOLQJDPRQJ´PHPEHUVµ 2PLDQG :LQDQW %RVQLDN .DQVWURRP $V %HQHGLFW $QGHUVRQ VXJJHVWV RQH·VPHPEHUVKLSLQDQDWLRQDOERG\LVLQUHDOLW\´DQLPDJLQHGFRPPXQLW\µRISHR SOHZKREHOLHYHWKDWWKH\EHORQJWRJHWKHU7KLVDEVWUDFWVHQVHRIPHPEHUVKLSOHDYHV DORWRIURRPIRUWKHH[FOXVLRQRISHRSOHZKRVHHPGLͿHUHQWDQGSHUKDSVQRWVXLW DEOHIRUDVVLPLODWLRQ $QGHUVRQ.DQVWURRP=ROEHUJ ,WLVWKXVQRW VXUSULVLQJWKDWPXFKRIWKHSUHVVXUHIRUH[FOXVLRQFRPHVIURPFLWL]HQVWKHPVHOYHV QRWIURPWKHWRSZKHUHFRPPHUFLDOLQWHUHVWVDQGLQWHUQDWLRQDOGLSORPDF\PD\GLF WDWHDPRUHFRVPRSROLWDQDSSURDFK,Q(XURSHIRUH[DPSOHSRSXOLVWSDUWLHVKDYH PDGHVKDUSUHVWULFWLRQVRQLPPLJUDWLRQDFHQWUDOSODQNLQWKHLUSODWIRUPV 7KHTXHVWLRQLVQRWVRPXFKwhyUDFHPDWWHUVWRFLWL]HQVZKRIHHOWKUHDWHQHGE\ UDSLGGHPRJUDSKLFFKDQJHEXWUDWKHUhow WKHODZDGDSWVWRUDFLDODQ[LHWLHV,QD WLPHZKHQUDFHQHXWUDOUXOHVKDYHIRXQGIDYRUKRZGRHVUDFLDOGLVDGYDQWDJHSHU VLVW"7KLVHVVD\RͿHUVDWZRSDUWH[SODQDWLRQEDVHGRQWKH86H[SHULHQFH/DWLQRV LQWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVSDUWLFXODUO\LPPLJUDQWVRI0H[LFDQDQG&HQWUDO$PHULFDQRUL JLQKDYHEHHQGLVSURSRUWLRQDWHO\WDUJHWHGIRUGHSRUWDWLRQ 3URYLQHDQG'RW\ 7KHSDWWHUQLVHYLGHQWLQSRSXODUVWHUHRW\SHVDERXWLPPLJUDQWVLQWKHVSHQGLQJDQG 32 INSTITUTIONAL RACISM IN ENFORCING IMMIGRATION LAW ESSAYS FRQVWUXFWLRQWKDWDUHWDNLQJSODFHRQWKHVRXWKHUQERUGHUZLWK0H[LFRDQGLQWKH UDFLDOHWKQLFSDWWHUQVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKGHSRUWDWLRQ 7KLVHVVD\ÀUVWGHWDLOVWKHUROHWKDWUDFHSOD\VLQIHGHUDOLPPLJUDWLRQHQIRUFH PHQWRSHUDWLRQVDQGWKHQWXUQVWRWKHORFDOOHYHOZKHUHXQGHUDIHGHUDOSROLF\RI GHYROXWLRQORFDOODZHQIRUFHPHQWDJHQFLHVDUHEHLQJDVNHGWRDVVLVWLQHQIRUFLQJIHG HUDOLPPLJUDWLRQODZ$UL]RQD·VSDUWLFLSDWLRQLVKLJKOLJKWHGKHUHEHFDXVHWKHVWDWH VWDQGVRXWIRUWKHHQWKXVLDVPZLWKZKLFKLWKDVHPEUDFHGGHSRUWDWLRQDVWKHVROXWLRQ WRXQDXWKRUL]HGUHVLGHQFHDQGIRULWVHͿRUWWRVXSSOHPHQWIHGHUDOHQIRUFHPHQWZLWK LWVRZQODZVDQGSROLFLHV7KHPL[RIIHGHUDOVWDWHDQGORFDOODZDQGSROLF\WKDW, GHVFULEHKHUHLQVWLWXWLRQDOL]HVUDFLVPE\IDFLOLWDWLQJHWKQRUDFLDOSURÀOLQJK\SHUVXU YHLOODQFH DEXVLYH VWRSV SUREOHPDWLF VHDUFKHV DQG XQZDUUDQWHG GHWHQWLRQ RI VXV SHFWHGXQDXWKRUL]HGLPPLJUDQWV7KHWDUJHWVRIWKHVHDFWLRQVDUHGLVSURSRUWLRQDWHO\ /DWLQRVEHFDXVH86$PHULFDQVLQFOXGLQJPHPEHUVRIWKHODZHQIRUFHPHQWFRPPX QLW\KDYHEHHQFRQGLWLRQHGWRVHHWKHSUREOHPRIXQDXWKRUL]HGHQWU\DQGUHVLGHQFH LQ UDFLDO WHUPV DV D 0H[LFDQ DQG &HQWUDO $PHULFDQ SKHQRPHQRQ &KDYH] 1JDL ,URQLFDOO\WKRVHZKRGHPDQGPRUHHQIRUFHPHQWLQYDULDEO\LJQRUHWKHVH SUREOHPVLQRUGHUWRIRFXVRQWKHLOOHJDOLW\RIWKHLPPLJUDQW·VDFWLRQVLQUHPDLQLQJZLWK RXWDXWKRUL]DWLRQ7KHPXFKPRUHVLJQLÀFDQWVWRU\LQDQDWLRQWKDWKRQRUVWKHUXOHRI ODZLVWKHIDLOXUHRIJRYHUQPHQWWRDGKHUHWRLWVRZQKLJKVWDQGDUGV THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT AND RACIALIZED IMMIGRATION ENFORCEMENT 7KHDFWLRQVRIWKHIHGHUDOJRYHUQPHQWZRXOGLQGLFDWHWRDQ\FDVXDOREVHUYHUWKDWWKH QDWLRQ·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ÉRICA À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ederal Immigration Stops and Searches: The Ethno-racial Dimension 7KHKDUGHQLQJRIWKHIHGHUDOSRVLWLRQRQLPPLJUDWLRQIURP0H[LFREHJDQZLWK2S HUDWLRQ*DWHNHHSHUDQG2SHUDWLRQ+ROGWKH/LQHLQWKHPLGV7KHVHSURJUDPV IRUWLÀ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·V6DQ<VLGUR SRUWRIHQWU\ 7KHFRXUWVKDYHQRWSURYHQHͿHFWLYHLQSURWHFWLQJWKHULJKWVRIPLJUDQWVWRFRQ VWLWXWLRQDOO\JXDUDQWHHGGXHSURFHVV)HGHUDOMXGJHVLQGLVWULFWVRQWKHVRXWKHUQERU GHUKDYHVHHQWKHLUFRXUWURRPVLQXQGDWHGZLWKSHRSOHFKDUJHGZLWKIHGHUDOFULPHV XQGHU2SHUDWLRQ6WUHDPOLQHDSURJUDPWRSURVHFXWHWKRVHFDXJKWFURVVLQJWKHERU GHU7KHSURFHVVEHJLQVZLWKDSSUHKHQVLRQVRISHRSOHFDXJKWFURVVLQJLOOHJDOO\E\ WKH%RUGHU3DWURORUDQRWKHUSROLFLQJDXWKRULW\7KRVHFDXJKWDUHKHOGLQGHWHQWLRQ 34 INSTITUTIONAL RACISM IN ENFORCING IMMIGRATION LAW ESSAYS XQWLOWLPHFDQEHIRXQGIRUDFRXUWKHDULQJ6RPHZLOOQRWEHFKDUJHGEHFDXVHWKH FRXUWFDQQRWKDQGOHWKHFDVHORDG6RGHWDLQHHVZDLWQRWNQRZLQJZKHWKHUWKH\ZLOO EHDPRQJWKRVHFULPLQDOO\FKDUJHGRUQRW7KRVHFKDUJHGDUHDUUDLJQHGDQGSUR FHVVHGLQJURXSVRIXSWRDWDWLPH7KH\IDFHDOHQJWK\SULVRQWHUPXQOHVVWKH\ SOHDGJXLOW\WRWKHFULPHRIXQDXWKRUL]HGHQWU\ZKLFKJLYHVWKHPDFULPLQDOUHFRUG 7KHFULPLQDOUHFRUGPDNHVWKHPIHORQVZKLFKLQWXUQKHOSVWRMXVWLI\VWURQJHUHQ
Details
-
File Typepdf
-
Upload Time-
-
Content LanguagesEnglish
-
Upload UserAnonymous/Not logged-in
-
File Pages23 Page
-
File Size-