University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln 3rd World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production Animal Science Department 1986 MILK AND BEEF PRODUCTION IN TROPICAL ENVIRONMENTS V. K. Taneja INDIAN VETERINARY RESEARCH INSTITUTE P. N. Bhat INDIAN VETERINARY RESEARCH INSTITUTE Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/wcgalp Part of the Animal Sciences Commons Taneja, V. K. and Bhat, P. N., "MILK AND BEEF PRODUCTION IN TROPICAL ENVIRONMENTS" (1986). 3rd World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production. 57. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/wcgalp/57 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Animal Science Department at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in 3rd World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. I I I "... I MILK AND BEEF PRODUCTION IN TROPICAL ENVIRONMENTS I I I t- I ::> 0 t- -rl 0 0 I N I V.K. TANEJA AND P.N. BHAT "" I I ::> 0 m 0 m 0 0 I I ::> 0 m 0 m 0 0 I "" I -i -rl .-rl -rl -rl I I INDIAN VETERINARY RESEARCH INSTITUTE I I IZA TNAGAR-243122 I I I I INDIA I I I be I i:! 'I ~ I • .-1 I I cO 00 t- N If\ 0 0 I -rl I H " I I +> ::> t- If\ -=:t 0 I t- I rJl SUMMARY ::> 0 0 0"" -rl -rl"" 0 I 0 I -I -rl -rl -rl -rl -rl -rl I -rl I H I I <L> I I 0. I I C ttle breeds native to tropics are late matu~ing and poor producers of milk and beef. I I 00 b have the ability to survive under harsh tropical environments. In spite of large. genetic I "... I 00 ~ I I m uriability for milk yield. selection for productive traits would not be effective in bridging I N I e :-I 00 00 0 If\ N 0 I 0 I S v: gap between requirements of human food and its availability. Other methods to achieve I I 1\ 00 00 0 00 -rl 0 I -=:t I § :hese goals have been suggested. Breed comparison studies are needed to identify special 1\ m m 0 m 0 0 I I '.-1 enes for fast growth. efficient breeding and resistance to diseaes and draught capacity. -rl ..--I -rl I I ><: I I cO ~'ternatives like replacement of native with improved European breeds and gene transfer I I S I I through crossbreeding have been discussed. T~e results of various crossbreeding I I '0 experiments in the context of (jJ importance of native breeds in crossbreeding. [iiJ relative I be I i:! I ~ I cO superiority of improver breeds used. £iii) optimum levels of improver inheritance and I I [ivJ effects of inter-breeding among crossbreds have been examined. The SUCcess and ) m m 00 0 I If\ I -=:t "" "" I I -=:t future of the new developed breeds from crossbred foundations in the changing socio­ , ~ -=:t -=:t -=:t 0 I -rl I If\ ) 0 0 0"" -rl -rl 0 I I economic conditions has been discussed. Larger proportions of Holstein genes in crossbreds 1 ..--I -rl ..--I -rl -rl -rl I -rl"" I rJl has been suggested. Crisscross breds and stabilised crossbreds are on increase for beef I I cO I I ;;: production. Feed lot technology offers a great potential for increasing beef production I I using agro-industrial by-products not fit for human consumption. I be I rJl I ~ I i:! I I 0 , 0 N N -rl -=:t 0 I 0 I '.-1 INTRODUCTION I I +> 00 ~ ~ 0 I If\ I cO 0 0 ""0 -rl ""-rl 0 I ~ I :>- Tropics by definition Cover ar!,as extending from tropics of Cancer to Capricorn. -rl -rl -rl -rl -rl -rl I N I H I I <L> This includes 112 countries spread over 4 continents. Most Countries in this region are I ~I rJl I ""rJl I .0 developing or underdeveloped. except Australia and Israel which have large tropical areas I » I 0 and are also advanced in animal husbandry. The climate varies between equatorial [rain I cO I I '0 I <+-< fall above 2.032 mm/annum and a temperature range of 210-320CJ to tropical arid £/ow I I 0 N t- 0 0 0 I 0 I and erratic rainfall less than 500 mm/annum and temperature extremes of 00-600C). "" I I H The large variation in climate across the region is a great constraint for animal production. m t- m 00 00 0 I N I <L> m m m m m 0 I 0 I -rl I m I il I I ;::J Largest concentrations of cattle are in North-East and ·East Africa. South America. I I i:! the Indian Sub-continent and tropical Australia. Although the cattle population in I I I I S developing countries [799.25 miilionJ is much larger than in developed countries [427.19 I I ;::J I I S millionJ. the average milk production per milking animal is only 669 kg as against 3.185 I I • .-1 kg in developed countries [FAO. 1982). Low productivity in these cattle is mainly due I I i:! I I '.-1 to the large incidence of disease. inadequate nutrition. hostile climate. unorganised rJl '0 I I :;s » '0 i:! I I breeding. social unawareness of economic benefits and non-commitment to social change i:! i:! cO I I in the society. It is. therefore. imperative that milk and meat production in these cattle Cl! cO rl I I S rl Cl! I I be improved to meet the minimum needs of growin.s human population in this region. i:! H H rl <L> '0 I I <L> <L> <L> <L> N i:! I I '0 0 ..c: Cl! Cl! I I BREEDS AND THEIR PERFORMANCE <L> +> H ;;: rl I I ;;: <L> rJl <L> 0 I I CI) ;3: Z H Z P-. I I I I There is a great diversity' in cattle breeds available in tropics. The major types I I reCognised are humped [Bos indicusJ. hUmpless [Bos taurus). crosses between these; Bibos I I crossbreds of humpless and/or humped cattle with the latter. A large part of cattle 73 population is of non-descript type [90%). These are normally named after their location pattern up to age at first cal and do not possess uniform breed characteristics. They have poor growth rate [100 to 200 and 332 g. 150 g per day). late maturity [age at first calving. 60 months) and low milk production [500 kg in 300 days). In any programme of improvement. they form the core for action. Milk yield:. Milk yield sh The information on performance parameters of various local breeds in Africa is not easily Tharparkar. Red Sindhi. Rathi. available. The information on some well defined Indian breeds has been examined to 1977). Milk yield in other tro assess their potential [Table 1). Damascus [1.500-3.000 kg): m kg) and Boran ['I5'1-1.B 1'I) an Table 1. Averages for some economic traits in Indian cattle Shorthern [120-360 kg) and 'IlIctat",on mm< yield from half Breed Age at first Calving Lactation Lactation Milk yield from intrasire-daughter dam re calving interval yield [kg) length per day of 1967: Tiwana. 1967: Singh. 196 [months) [months) [days) calving[KgJ of genetic variability for mil in milk yield have been report Hariana 53 + 0.3 15.6 + 0.3 922 + 2'1 291 + 'I 1.9 and Lush. 1968). Sahiwal '10 + 0.2 15.0 + 0.6 1.71B + 36 2B3 -:; 2 3.B Rathi '10 + 0.'1 19.3 + 0.7 1.931 + 53 331 -:; 2 3.3 Among cattle breeds in tr Tharparkar '19 + 0.'1 1'1.9 -+ O.B 1.659 -:; 53 2BO -:; 6 3.7 for fast growth. high milk pro Red Sindhi '12 -+ 0.6 1'1.7 + 0.3 1.605 -:; 25 2B'I -:; 2 3.7 regularity of calving). althoug Gir '17 + O.B 15.7 + 0.5 1.'103 + 31 257 -:; 5 2.9 for special adaptation. disease Ongole '10 + 0.'1 17.0 -+ 0.6 613 + 61 217 -:; 9 1.2 unfavourable environment exist Kankrej '17 -+ O.B 16.2 + 0.'1 I.B50 + 51 351-:; B 3.B Kangayam '1'1 -+ 0.'1 16.7 + 0.3 6'13 + 11 212 -:; 3 1.3 CROSSB Gaolao '16 + 0.'1 15.6 + 0.3 53'1 + 15 295 -:; 5 1.3 Dangi 5'1 + 2.0 17.0 + 0.6 615 + 35 292 -:; 12 1.2 Crossbreeding with tempe Umblacherry '16 + 1.1 16.1 + 0.5 323 + 19 233 -:; 9 0.7 yield and early maturity of Hallikar '15 -+ 1.5 19.7 -+ 0.9 5'11 -+ 61 2B5 -:; 10 0.9 and adaptability of local cattle. Deoni 53 -+ 1.0 1'1.B + 0.3 B79 + 2'1 270 -:; 5. 2.0 who brought with them variou Deogir '17 + 2.1 15.'1 + 0.'1 1.'123 -:; 60 313 -:; 9 3.1 to outbreaks of rinderpest and Khillari 52 -+ 1.1 15.2 + 0.2 '17'1 + 12 255 -:; 3 1.0 with prophylactic vaccines. pIa Nagori '12 + 1.0 1'1.5 + 0.3 '177 + 15 237 -:; 'I 1.0 West Indies. Philippines and East Mewati 53 + 1.3 16.6 -+ 0.3 953 -+ 20 292 -:; 'I 0.9 -.+ - - India Non-descript 59 - 2.5 lB.7 + 1.0 53'1 + 1'1 301 + 6 0.9 Crossbreeding of cattle st Age at first calving: Among various indigenous breeds.