Luther Seminary Digital Commons @ Luther Seminary Faculty Publications Faculty & Staff choS larship Summer 1998 No Trinity, No Mission: The Apostolic Difference of Revisioning the Trinity Gary M. Simpson Luther Seminary, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.luthersem.edu/faculty_articles Part of the Christianity Commons, and the Religious Thought, Theology and Philosophy of Religion Commons Recommended Citation Simpson, Gary M., "No Trinity, No Mission: The Apostolic Difference of Revisioning the Trinity" (1998). Faculty Publications. 179. http://digitalcommons.luthersem.edu/faculty_articles/179 Published Citation Simpson, Gary M. “No Trinity, No Mission: The Apostolic Difference of Revisioning the Trinity.” Word & World 18, no. 3 (1998): 264–71. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty & Staff choS larship at Digital Commons @ Luther Seminary. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Luther Seminary. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Word & World Volume XVIII, Number 3 Summer 1998 No Trinity, No Mission: The Apostolic Difference of Revisioning the Trinity GARY M. SIMPSON Luther Seminary St. Paul, Minnesota HRONGS ARE LAMENTING THE DIMINISHED MISSIONAL CHARACTER OF TODAYS TChristian congregations in North America. Some have thought to do some- thing about this poverty of missional imagination.1 One aspect of our abated ap- ostolicity involves our deep-seated denial that even North America might be a mission field ripe unto the harvest and that multitudes actually suffer eternally the consequential maladies of our denial. Pray God that this denial—an ineradi- cable feature of christendom’s habit of ecclesial life—will also pass away as chris- tendom itself rapidly approaches the “do not resuscitate” state. A second aspect of our abated apostolicity lies in an inadequate view of the God whom we be- lieve and confess. The first aspect might, in fact, arise from the second, from a 1Prominent among the latter are Loren B. Mead, The Once and Future Church: Reinventing the Con- gregation for a New Mission Frontier (Washington, DC: Alban Institute, 1991); George Hunsberger and Craig Van Gelder, ed., The Church between Gospel and Culture: The Emerging Mission in North America (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1996); and Darrell Guder, ed., The Missional Church (Grand Rapids: Eerd- mans, 1998). GARY M. SIMPSON is associate professor of systematic theology and chair of the Word & World Editorial Board. Moral and experiential monotheism, twin bequests of the enlightenment, have robbed recent doctrines of God of an essential apostolic difference. A revisioned for- mulation of the Trinity will provide good news for the modern world. 264 Copyright © 1998 by Word & World, Luther Seminary, St. Paul, MN. All rights reserved. No Trinity, No Mission frail doctrine of God shaped as we have bent away from the trinitarian implica- tion of the biblical narrative. To my mind, it is no mere coincidence that we are developing a consensus re- garding the dearth of missional imagination at the congregational level at the same time that some are deploring the non-trinitarian character of Christian theol- ogy, life, and practice. I will investigate, therefore, the link between “no Trinity” and “no mission” and suggest a new trinitarian way to commit an apostolic differ- ence. First, I will explore the basic contours of the western doctrine of God over the last two hundred years, noting the fate of the trinitarian imagination in modern and contemporary theological reflection. Second, I will examine the laudable, though flawed, early-twentieth-century attempt to retrieve a trinitarian trajectory. Finally, I will indicate a revisionary direction proposed in some recent trinitarian thinking that will make an apostolic difference in the life and practice of today’s Christian congregations in North America. I. CONTOURS OF A TRAVESTY At high noon of the modern era in the west, between 1775 and 1825, two forms of the doctrine of God beamed scorching rays over Protestant Christianity, and still do.2 Let us call the first form moral monotheism and the second form ex- periential monotheism. At times some have ably blended these forms of monothe- ism. Immanuel Kant offered the originating vision for modern moral monothe- ism, though it is the basic vision rather than Kant’s precise formulations that has enduringly mattered. “Two things fill the mind with ever new and increasing wonder and awe,” observed Kant, “the oftener and the more steadily we reflect on them: the starry heavens above me and the moral law within me.”3 The “mind” to which Kant referred is, of course, the mind of the enlightened people of the mod- ern era. Notice also what is missing, no longer immediately catching the enlighten- ment mind’s attention: God. Enlightened attention focuses instead on the natural world of “the starry heavens above” through the sciences practiced by luminaries like Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, and Newton; then the enlightened mind fastens on the social world of moral progress generated by the cultural and political up- heavals during the extended aftermath of the Thirty Years War. Furthermore, as Kant noted, the starry heavens of the natural world “broaden the connection in which I stand into an unbounded magnitude of worlds beyond worlds and sys- tems of systems and into the limitless times of their periodic motion.” However, this newly discovered immensity of the natural world “annihilates, as it were, my importance as an animal creature,” a mere speck in the universe. Fortunately, ar- gued Kant, the moral life of the social world “infinitely raises my worth.” Many of Kant’s enlightened associates thought likewise and displayed their 2See Jürgen Moltmann, The Trinity and the Kingdom (San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1981) 2-9. 3Immanuel Kant, Critique of Practical Reason, trans. Lewis White Beck (New York: Macmillan, 1993) 169. 265 Simpson heightened esteem for morality as a moral optimism in which every day in every way the human race was getting better and better. Not so! thought Kant. “The his- tory of all times cries too loudly against it.” “That ‘the world lieth in evil’ is a plaint as old as history.”4 The moral life exists as a conflict between the rational duty to benefit others through our conduct and the striving after our own happiness em- bedded in the natural desires of our physical makeup. The highest good exists when doing our duty to others entirely for their sakes simultaneously results in our own happiness. Of course, such a state of affairs does not always naturally oc- cur; perhaps, indeed, it seldom does. Given such a typical scenario it is just plain reasonable, argued Kant, for any person, indeed, for every person to postulate this minimum possibility: that God exists to ensure that duty and happiness kiss, if not in time then in eternity. “Only if religion [God] is added to it [morality] can the hope arise of someday participating in happiness in proportion as we endeavor not to be unworthy of it.” Moral monotheism imagines religious life specifically as “the recognition of all duties as divine commands.”5 For a significant segment of nineteenth- and twentieth-century Christianity, moral monotheism becomes the operative hermeneutic for the interpretation and use of scripture. Moral monotheism portrays Jesus as “the archetype” of a life “well-pleasing to God” or as the historical exemplar and mentor for being faithful to one’s vocation even to the point of death or as some such moral variant.6 Moral monotheism elevates those aspects of the Christian witness that are immediately translatable into the practical moral conduct of reasonable people and marginal- izes, even jettisons, distinctive aspects of Christianity that fall outside the sphere of reasonable moral conduct. In Kant’s judgment, for instance, “the doctrine of the Trinity, taken literally, has no practical relevance at all....Whether we are to worship three or ten persons in the Deity makes no difference...no difference in rules of conduct.”7 No difference? On the contrary, here the apostolic difference is not neg- ligible, but negative and destructive! Indeed, is anyone surprised that Christian mission under the sway of moral monotheism has often been little more than cul- turally conditioned western moral imperialism? No wonder the missional imagi- nation of moral monotheism withered; it ought to have done so. Experiential monotheism emerged as an alternative to moral monotheism. Friedrich Schleiermacher offered the originating vision. In order to be a fully func- tioning human being or human community more was necessary than the standard 4Immanuel Kant, Religion within the Limits of Reason Alone, trans. T. M. Green and H. H. Hudson (New York: Harper, 1960) 15. 5Kant, Critique of Practical Reason, 136; Religion, 142. 6Kant, Religion, 54ff.; see also John Macquarrie, Jesus Christ in Modern Thought (Philadelphia: Trin- ity, 1990) 177-191; 252-258. See Thomas McCarthys Kantian interpretation of major forms of contempo- rary Protestant and Roman Catholic political theology in Ideals and Illusions: On Reconstruction and Deconstruction in Contemporary Critical Theory (Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1991) 200-215. 7Immanuel Kant, The Conflict of the Faculties, in Religion and Rational Theology, trans. and ed. Allen W. Wood and George Di Giovanni (Cambridge: Cambridge University, 1996) 264. 266 No Trinity,