Contents Contents ...................................................................................................................................... i List of Figures ........................................................................................................................... v List of Tables ............................................................................................................................ ix List of Acronyms ................................................................................................................... xiii Chapter 1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Rational ............................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Objectives ......................................................................................................................... 4 1.3 Outline .............................................................................................................................. 5 Chapter 2 Rural Road Network Problems ............................................................................................... 7 2.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 7 2.2 Planning methodology ...................................................................................................... 8 2.2.1 Priority Ranking (PR)................................................................................................ 8 2.2.2 Benefit/Cost Analysis (BCA) .................................................................................... 9 2.2.3 Centrality index ....................................................................................................... 10 2.2.4 Intensity of interaction ............................................................................................ 11 2.2.5 Road density ............................................................................................................ 13 2.2.6 Accessibility Indicators (AI) ................................................................................... 14 2.2.7 Costs ........................................................................................................................ 16 2.2.8 Accessibility index .................................................................................................. 18 2.2.9 Facility based approach ........................................................................................... 21 i Rural Engineering Infrastructures Design and Public Facility Locations 2.2.10 Traffic Flow........................................................................................................... 22 2.3 Rural road network generation ....................................................................................... 23 2.4 Solution techniques ........................................................................................................ 31 2.5 Multi-objective approach to the rural road network problem ........................................ 35 2.6 Discussion ...................................................................................................................... 38 2.7 Summary ........................................................................................................................ 42 Chapter 3 Local Conditions and Rural Road Constructions in Hilly Regions of Nepal ................... 45 3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 45 3.1.1 Tectonic environment .............................................................................................. 46 3.1.2 Geology ................................................................................................................... 48 3.1.3 Topography ............................................................................................................. 50 3.1.4 Climate .................................................................................................................... 51 3.1.5 Geography ............................................................................................................... 52 3.2 The five-zone mountain model ...................................................................................... 54 3.3 Alignment selection and choice of cross section ........................................................... 59 3.4 Impacts of roads construction on slopes ........................................................................ 61 3.5. Conclusions ................................................................................................................... 66 Chapter 4 Covering Based Rural Road Network Method .................................................................... 69 4.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 69 4.2 Review of rural road planning models ........................................................................... 70 4.3 Use of location models in rural road network design ..................................................... 73 4.4 Proposed rural road network method ............................................................................. 75 4.4.1 Identification of nodal points .................................................................................. 75 4.4.2 Defining the rural road network .............................................................................. 77 4.5 Application to the hilly regions of Nepal ....................................................................... 78 ii 4.6 Rural public facility location in hilly regions of Nepal .................................................. 82 4.6.1 Covering of settlements ........................................................................................... 82 4.6.2 Covering of public facilities .................................................................................... 88 4.7 Linkage pattern of rural roads in hilly regions ............................................................... 91 4.7.1 Data concerning the rural road networks under study............................................. 92 4.7.2 Existing pattern of the rural road linkages .............................................................. 97 4.7.3 Rural road network formation ............................................................................... 104 4.8 Application to other rural infrastructure problems ....................................................... 107 4.9 Conclusions .................................................................................................................. 107 Chapter 5 Rural Road Network Optimisation Models ....................................................................... 109 5.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 109 5.2 Covering aspects .......................................................................................................... 110 5.3 Rural road network models .......................................................................................... 112 5.4 Prioritization of links .................................................................................................... 118 5.4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 118 5.4.2 Indicators for rural road evaluation ....................................................................... 118 5.4.3 Discussion............................................................................................................. 123 5.5 Models application and validation ............................................................................... 125 5.6 Conclusions .................................................................................................................. 139 Chapter 6 A Multi-Objective Analysis of the Rural Road Network Problem .................................. 141 6.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 141 6.2 Multi-objective integer programming: basic concepts ................................................. 142 6.3 Objectives for the rural road network problem ............................................................ 143 6.4 Multi-objective rural road model ................................................................................. 145 6.5 Application of the model .............................................................................................. 147 iii Rural Engineering Infrastructures Design and Public Facility Locations 6.5.1 Test instance data and solutions ............................................................................ 148 6.5.2 Analysis of the solutions ....................................................................................... 149 6.6 Conclusions .................................................................................................................. 157 Chapter 7 Conclusions and Future Works .......................................................................................... 159 7.1 Summary of conclusions