2019 2019 2019 2020 IN BRIEF THE STATE OF THE WORLD’S FORESTS FORESTS, BIODIVERSITY AND PEOPLE This booklet contains the key messages and content from the publication The State of the World's Forests 2020. The numbering of the tables and figures corresponds to that publication. | 2 | CONTENTS FOREWORD 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 7 } BOX 28 Links of forests and tree-based } BOX 1 What is forest biological diversity? 8 systems to dietary diversity 16 } FIGURE 1 Global distribution of forests showing } BOX 31 Economic value of forest wild pollination the ten countries with the largest forest area, services to smallholder farmers in the United 2020 (million hectares and % of world’s forests) 8 Republic of Tanzania 16 } FIGURE 8 Forest by global ecological zone 9 } BOX 51 Human–wildlife conflict 17 } FIGURE 12 Proportion of forest area by } CASE STUDY 8 Sustainable, panda-friendly forest area density class and global ecological use of wild medicinal plants in China 18 zone, 2015 10 } BOX 38 Halting deforestation: recommendations } FIGURE 4 Global forest expansion and of a global conference 20 deforestation 1990–2020 } FIGURE 37 Percentage of forest in legally (million hectares per year) 11 protected areas, 2020 22 } FIGURE 29 Drivers of deforestation and forest } FIGURE 39 Increase in forest area within degradation by region, 2000–2010 11 protected areas by forest type, 1992–2015 } FIGURE 2 Net forest area change by region (million hectares) 23 1990–2020 (million hectares per year) 13 } FIGURE 41 Percentage of forest within } FIGURE 22 Bivariate map of forest biodiversity protected areas by global ecological zone, 2015 24 significance and intactness within forest } BOX 49 Mainstreaming biodiversity conservation biomes, 2018 13 in sustainable management of forest landscapes } FIGURE 24 Overall decline in a forest-specialist in Mongolia 25 index for 268 forest vertebrate species } BOX 37 Deforestation-free commodity chains: (455 populations), 1970–2014 14 Integrating cocoa and forests in West Africa 26 } FIGURE 25 Overlay of forest cover and } CASE STUDY 1 Large-scale dryland restoration poverty rate 15 for the resilience of small-scale farmers and pastoralists in Africa 29 | 3 | FOREWORD s we were putting the finishing touches to The State of the World’s Forests 2020 (SOFO), the world came face to face with the unprecedented challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic. While the immediate global priority is to tackle this public health emergency, our long-term response must also address the underlying causes of such a Apandemic. The degradation and loss of forests is one such contributing factor, disrupting nature’s balance and increasing the risk and exposure of people to zoonotic diseases. Understanding and keeping track of the state of our world’s forests has never been so important. This year marks the end of the United Nations Decade on Biodiversity and the implementation of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011–2020. All countries are coming together to review progress towards the Plan’s five Strategic Goals and the 20 Aichi Biodiversity Targets to shape the post-2020 global biodiversity framework. This framework must be underpinned by evidence: evidence of the current state of the world’s biodiversity and recent trends; evidence of the linkages between biodiversity and sustainable development; and evidence of successful actions taken to conserve and sustainably use the many products and services that the world’s biodiversity provides to support food security and human well-being. The vast majority of terrestrial biodiversity is found in the world’s forests – from boreal forests in the far North to tropical rainforests. Together, they contain more than 60 000 different tree species and provide habitats for 80 percent of amphibian species, 75 percent of bird species and 68 percent of mammal species. About 60 percent of all vascular plants are found in tropical forests. Mangroves provide breeding grounds and nurseries for numerous species of fish and shellfish and help trap sediments that might otherwise adversely affect seagrass beds and coral reefs, habitats for marine life. The conservation of the majority of the world’s biodiversity is thus utterly dependent on the way in which we interact with and use the world’s forests. | 4 | This edition of SOFO examines the contributions of forests, and of the people who use and manage them, to the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. It assesses progress to date in meeting global targets and goals relating to forest biodiversity and describes the effectiveness of policies, actions and approaches for conservation and sustainable development alike, illustrated by case studies of innovative practices and win-win solutions. This volume does not aim to be a comprehensive treatise on forest biodiversity, but rather to provide an update on its current state and a summary of its importance for humanity. It is intended to complement The State of the World’s Biodiversity for Food and Agriculture, released by the Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) in 2019, last year’s Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) and the Global Biodiversity Outlook 5 of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). For the first time, this edition of SOFO is a joint effort between two United Nations entities: FAO and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Building on our ongoing collaboration and comparative advantages, we bring together new information generated by FAO’s Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 with analyses of the status and representativeness of protected forests over time undertaken by the UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC). SOFO 2020 confirms that deforestation and forest degradation continue to take place at alarming rates, which contribute significantly to the ongoing loss of biodiversity. Agricultural expansion continues to be one of the main drivers, while the resilience of human food systems and their capacity to adapt to future change depends on that very biodiversity. | 5 | FOREWORD SOFO 2020 also identifies signs of hope. The rate of forest loss is decreasing globally and solutions that balance conservation and sustainable use of forest biodiversity do exist. To turn the tide on deforestation and biodiversity loss, we urgently need to see these solutions being scaled up as well as instill transformational change in the way we produce and consume food. We also need to conserve and manage forests and trees within an integrated landscape approach and reverse the damage done through forest restoration efforts. Critical to these transformations are effective governance, policy alignment between sectors and administrative levels, land-tenure security, respect for the rights and knowledge of local communities and indigenous peoples, enhanced capacity for monitoring of biodiversity outcomes, and by no means least, innovative financing modalities. Ultimately, we need to foster a new relationship with nature, and we can achieve that together. SOFO 2020 contributes to that vision. We hope you will find it interesting, valuable and inspiring. Qu Dongyu Inger Andersen FAO Director-General UNEP Executive Director | 6 | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY As the United Nations Decade on grounds and nurseries for numerous Biodiversity 2011–2020 comes to a close species of fish and shellfish and help and countries prepare to adopt a trap sediments that might otherwise post-2020 global biodiversity framework, adversely affect seagrass beds and coral this edition of The State of the World’s reefs, which are habitats for many more Forests (SOFO) takes the opportunity to marine species. examine the contributions of forests, and of the people who use and manage them, Forests cover 31 percent of the global land area to the conservation and sustainable use but are not equally distributed around the globe. of biodiversity. It is intended to The total forest area is 4.06 billion complement The State of the World’s hectares. More than half of the world’s Biodiversity for Food and Agriculture, forests are found in only five countries released by the Food and Agriculture (Brazil, Canada, China, Russian Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Federation and United States of America). in February 2019; the Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem The largest part of the forest Services of the Intergovernmental (45 percent) is found in the tropical Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity domain, followed by the boreal, and Ecosystem Services (IPBES), the draft temperate and subtropical domains. of which was released in 2019; and the These domains are further divided into Global Biodiversity Outlook 5 of the terrestrial global ecological zones, 20 of Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), which contain some forest cover. released in 2020. Almost half the forest area (49 percent) is Forests harbour most of Earth’s terrestrial relatively intact, while 9 percent is found biodiversity. The conservation of the world’s in fragments with little or no biodiversity is thus utterly dependent on the way connectivity. Tropical rainforests and in which we interact with and use the world’s boreal coniferous forests are the least forests. Forests provide habitats for fragmented, whereas subtropical dry 80 percent of amphibian species, forest and temperate oceanic forests are 75 percent of bird species and 68 percent among the most fragmented. Roughly of mammal species. About 60 percent of 80 percent of the world’s forest area is all vascular plants are found in tropical found in patches larger than 1 million forests. Mangroves provide breeding hectares. The remaining 20 percent is | 7 | SUMMARY BOX 1 WHAT IS FOREST BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY? Forest biological diversity is a broad term that In the annex to Decision II/9 (CBD, n.d.a), refers to all life forms found within forested the Conference of the Parties to the CBD areas and the ecological roles they perform.