Asian Water Development Outlook Advancing Water Security across Asia and the Pacifi c The Asian Water Development Outlook (AWDO) assesses national water security across Asia and the Pacifi c, focusing on fi ve key dimensions: rural, economic, urban, environmental, and water-related disaster. Despite considerable achievements in Asia and the Pacifi c since the AWDO edition, . billion people in rural areas and . billion in urban areas still lack adequate water supply and sanitation. Sound water management and access to reliable service delivery remain vital to inclusive economic growth and social well-being, especially after the coronavirus disease (COVID-) pandemic. This edition includes two new sections highlighting the importance of fi nance and governance to water security as well as case studies demonstrating how the AWDO has infl uenced policy development in four countries. About the Asian Development Bank ADB is committed to achieving a prosperous, inclusive, resilient, and sustainable Asia and the Pacifi c, while sustaining its e orts to eradicate extreme poverty. Established in , it is owned by members — from the region. Its main instruments for helping its developing member countries are policy dialogue, loans, equity investments, guarantees, grants, and technical assistance. ASIAN WATER DEVELOPMENT OUTLOOK ADVANCING WATER SECURITY ACROSS ASIA AND THE PACIFIC DECEMBER ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City 1550 Metro Manila, Philippines ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK www.adb.org ASIAN WATER DEVELOPMENT OUTLook 2020 ADVANCING WATER SECURITY ACROSS ASIA AND THE PACIFIC DECEMBER 2020 ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) © 2020 Asian Development Bank 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City, 1550 Metro Manila, Philippines Tel +63 2 8632 4444; Fax +63 2 8636 2444 www.adb.org Some rights reserved. Published in 2020. ISBN 978-92-9262-616-7 (print); 978-92-9262-617-4 (electronic); 978-92-9262-618-1 (ebook) Publication Stock No. SGP200412-2 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/SGP200412-2 The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by ADB in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area, or by using the term “country” in this document, ADB does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. 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Corrigenda to ADB publications may be found at http://www.adb.org/publications/corrigenda. Notes: In this publication, “$” refers to United States dollars. ADB recognizes “Korea” as the Republic of Korea. All photos are by ADB. Cover design by Kookie Trivino. On the cover: Children play and fetch water from the community tap at the Behala slum area, Kolkata, India (photo by Amit Verma). Printed on recycled paper Contents T ables, Figures, and Boxes v Forewords Asian Development Bank vii Asia-Pacific Water Forum ix Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development x Messages xi Acknowledgments xv Abbreviations xvii Executive Summary xviii I. Introduction 1 AWDO’s Historical Trajectories and Objectives 2 D evelopment Challenges to Achieve a Water-Secure and Resilient Asia and the Pacific by 2030 2 ADB’s Vision on Water Security and AWDO 2020 4 Methodolo gy Changes between AWDO 2020 and AWDO 2016 9 II. Water Security across Five Key Dimensions 13 National Water Security Index 14 Key Dimension 1: Rural Household Water Security 21 Key Dimension 2: Economic Water Security 27 Key Dimension 3: Urban Water Security 33 Key Dimension 4: Environmental Water Security 39 Key Dimension 5: Water-Related Disaster Security 45 Improving Water Security and Key Dimension Performance by Good Governance 51 Financing Needs for Improving Key Dimension Performance 57 III. AWDO 2020 Policy Recommendations and ADB Water Strategic Directions 2030: 63 A Water-Secure and Resilient Asia and the Pacific Introduction 64 Achieving Water Security 66 P olicy Recommendations for Water-Security Related Finance and Governance Aspects 73 S trategic Directions for ADB Water 2030: A Water-Secure and Resilient Asia and the Pacific 75 iii iv Contents IV. AWDO and Policy in Action 81 Karnataka, India: A Subnational-Level Application of AWDO 82 Timor-Leste: Applying AWDO to Determine Investment Needs 83 Thailand: A National-Level Application to Support the National Strategic Master Plan 85 Yellow River Water Sector Assessment and AWDO: Innovation and Future Application 87 Lessons from Earlier AWDO Country Applications: Bhutan, Mongolia, 88 and the People’s Republic of China V. Appendixes 91 1 National Water Security Index 92 2 Regional Analysis 95 3 Key Dimension 1: Rural Household Water Security 103 4 Key Dimension 2: Economic Water Security 106 5 Key Dimension 3: Urban Water Security 109 6 Key Dimension 4: Environmental Water Security 113 7 Key Dimension 5: Water-Related Disaster Security 116 8 Overview of Databases Used for Indicators and Sub-Indicators 120 9 OECD Survey on Water Governance in Asia 127 10 Methodological Note on Financial Analysis of the OECD 128 Tables, Figures, and Boxes TABLES 1 AWDO Framework for Assessing National Water Security 7 2 National Water Security Stages 8 A1 Scores and National Water Security Index 92 A2 Regional Populations, 2018 95 A3.1 Banding Applied for Key Dimension 1 (Rural Household Water Security) Index 104 A3.2 Detailed Scores for Key Dimension 1 (Rural Household Water Security) 104 A4.1 Banding Applied for Key Dimension 2 (Economic Water Security) Index 107 A4.2 Detailed Scores for Key Dimension 2 (Economic Water Security) 107 A5.1 Banding Applied for Key Dimension 3 (Urban Water Security) Index 110 A5.2 Detailed Scores for Key Dimension 3 (Urban Water Security) 111 A6.1 Banding Applied for Key Dimension 4 (Environmental Water Security) Index 114 A6.2 Detailed Scores for Key Dimension 4 (Environmental Water Security) 114 A7.1 Banding Applied for Key Dimension 5 (Water-Related Disaster Security) Index 117 A7.2 Detailed Scores for Key Dimension 5 (Water-Related Disaster Security) 118 A10.1 Summary of Data Sources: Investment Needs 129 A10.2 Summary of Data Sources: Financing Capacity 129 FIGURES 1 Water Security Framework of Five Interdependent Key Dimensions 6 2 National Water Security Scores 15 3 Average Scores of Key Dimensions in Asia and the Pacific, 2013–2020 16 4 Number of ADB Members and People in Five National Water Security Stages 16 5 National Water Security by Region 17 6 National Water Security and Gross National Income per Capita, 2020 19 7 Population-Weighted Average Key Dimension 1 Results of ADB Regions, 2020 23 8 Correlation Analysis between Indicators, 2020 24 9 Rural Household Water Security and Gross National Income per Capita, 2020 25 10 Level of Implementation of Dedicated Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Policies per Region, 2020 26 11 Economic Water Security Construct 29 12 Population-Weighted Average Key Dimension 2 Results of ADB Regions, 2020 31 13 Economic Water Security and Gross National Income per Capita, 2020 32 14 Population-Weighted Average Key Dimension 3 Results of ADB Regions, 2020 35 15 Future Urban Water Security Risk Scores 36 16 Urban Water Security and Gross National Income per Capita, 2020 37 17 Population-Weighted Average Key Dimension 4 Results of ADB Regions, 2020 41 18 ADB Members with the Largest Differences between Catchment and Aquatic 42 System Condition Index and Environmental Governance Index v vi Tables, Figures, and Boxes 19 Environmental Water Security and Gross National Income per Capita, 2020 43 20 Level of Implementation of Dedicated Water Quality and Preservation Policies per Region, 2020 44 21 Population-Weighted Average Key Dimension 5 Results of ADB Regions, 2020 47 22 Water-Related Disaster Security and Gross National Income per Capita 49 23 Level of Implementation of Dedicated Water-Related Disaster Policies per Region, 2020 50 24 Water Governance Principles of the OECD 51 25 Regional Results Survey on Water Governance Principles of the OECD 53 26 Share of ADB Members Adopting Key Performance Indicators for Water and Sanitation Services 56 Based on Urban Water Security Scores 27 Projected Annual Investment Needs for Water Supply and