Urban Protected Areas Profiles and best practice guidelines Ted Trzyna, in collaboration with Joseph T. Edmiston, Glen Hyman, Jeffrey A. McNeely, Pedro da Cunha e Menezes, Brett Myrdal, Adrian Phillips and other members of the IUCN WCPA Urban Specialist Group Craig Groves, Series Editor; Adrian Phillips, Volume Editor Developing capacity for a protected planet Best Practice Protected Area Guidelines Series No. 22 IUCN WCPA’s BEST PRACTICE PROTECTED AREA GUIDELINES SERIES IUCN-WCPA’s Best Practice Protected Area Guidelines are the world’s authoritative resource for protected area managers. Involving collaboration among specialist practitioners dedicated to supporting better implementation in the field, they distil learning and advice drawn from across IUCN. Applied in the field, they are building institutional and individual capacity to manage protected area systems effectively, equitably and sustainably, and to cope with the myriad of challenges faced in practice. They also assist national governments, protected area agencies, non- governmental organisations, communities and private sector partners to meet their commitments and goals, and especially the Convention on Biological Diversity’s Programme of Work on Protected Areas. A full set of guidelines is available at: www.iucn.org/pa_guidelines Complementary resources are available at: www.cbd.int/protected/tools/ Contribute to developing capacity for a Protected Planet at: www.protectedplanet.net/ IUCN PROTECTED AREA DEFINITION, MANAGEMENT CATEGORIES AND GOVERNANCE TYPES IUCN defines a protected area as: A clearly defined geographical space, recognised, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values. The definition is expanded by six management categories (one with a sub-division), summarized below. Ia Strict nature reserve: Strictly protected for biodiversity and also possibly geological/ geomorphological features, where human visitation, use and impacts are controlled and limited to ensure protection of the conservation values Ib Wilderness area: Usually large unmodified or slightly modified areas, retaining their natural character and influence, without permanent or significant human habitation, protected and managed to preserve their natural condition II National park: Large natural or near-natural areas protecting large-scale ecological processes with characteristic species and ecosystems, which also have environmentally and culturally compatible spiritual, scientific, educational, recreational and visitor opportunities III Natural monument or feature: Areas set aside to protect a specific natural monument, which can be a landform, sea mount, marine cavern, geological feature such as a cave, or a living feature such as an ancient grove IV Habitat/species management area: Areas to protect particular species or habitats, where management reflects this priority. Many will need regular, active interventions to meet the needs of particular species or habitats, but this is not a requirement of the category V Protected landscape or seascape: Where the interaction of people and nature over time has produced a distinct character with significant ecological, biological, cultural and scenic value: and where safeguarding the integrity of this interaction is vital to protecting and sustaining the area and its associated nature conservation and other values VI Protected areas with sustainable use of natural resources: Areas which conserve ecosystems, together with associated cultural values and traditional natural resource management systems. Generally large, mainly in a natural condition, with a proportion under sustainable natural resource management and where low-level non-industrial natural resource use compatible with nature conservation is seen as one of the main aims The category should be based around the primary management objective(s), which should apply to at least three-quarters of the protected area – the 75 per cent rule. The management categories are applied with a typology of governance types – a description of who holds authority and responsibility for the protected area. IUCN defines four governance types. Governance by government: Federal or national ministry/agency in charge; sub-national ministry/agency in charge; government-delegated management (e.g. to NGO) Shared governance: Collaborative management (various degrees of influence); joint management (pluralist management board; transboundary management (various levels across international borders) Private governance: By individual owner; by non-profit organisations (NGOs, universities, cooperatives); by for-profit organsations (individuals or corporate) Governance by indigenous peoples and local communities: Indigenous peoples’ conserved areas and territories; community conserved areas – declared and run by local communities For more information on the IUCN definition, categories and governance type see the 2008 Guidelines for applying protected area management categories which can be downloaded at: www.iucn.org/pa_categories Urban Protected Areas Profiles and best practice guidelines Ted Trzyna, in collaboration with Joseph T. Edmiston, Glen Hyman, Jeffrey A. McNeely, Pedro da Cunha e Menezes, Brett Myrdal, Adrian Phillips and other members of the IUCN WCPA Urban Specialist Group Craig Groves, Series Editor; Adrian Phillips, Volume Editor IUCN (International Union for Convention on Biological Diversity Conservation of Nature) The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), which entered IUCN helps the world find pragmatic solutions to our most into force in December 1993, is an international treaty for pressing environment and development challenges. IUCN the conservation of biodiversity, the sustainable use of the works on biodiversity, climate change, energy, human components of biodiversity and the equitable sharing of the livelihoods and greening the world economy by supporting benefits derived from the use of genetic resources. With scientific research, managing field projects all over the world, 193 Parties, the Convention has near universal participation and bringing governments, NGOs, the UN and companies among countries. The Convention seeks to address all threats together to develop policy, laws and best practice. IUCN is the to biodiversity and ecosystem services through scientific world’s oldest and largest global environmental organization, assessments, the development of tools, incentives and with more than 1,200 government and NGO members and processes, the transfer of technologies and good practices, almost 11,000 volunteer experts in some 160 countries. and the full and active involvement of relevant stakeholders IUCN’s work is supported by over 1,000 staff in 45 offices including indigenous and local communities, youth, NGOs, and hundreds of partners in public, NGO and private sectors women and the business community. The tenth meeting of the around the world. Conference of the Parties to the CBD, held in 2010, adopted www.iucn.org a revised and updated Strategic Plan for Biodiversity for 2011- 2020, comprising five strategic goals and 20 Aichi Biodiversity Targets. The Plan is the overarching framework on biodiversity, not only for the biodiversity-related conventions, but for the entire United Nations system. www.cbd.int Korea National Park Service Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da The Korea National Park Service (KNPS), established in Bioversidade 1987, manages 20 of the 21 national parks of the Republic Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade of Korea, which together cover 6.6 per cent of its territory. (ICMBio, Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity The first protected area to be so designated, in 1967, Conservation) manages a system of 313 federally protected was Jirisan National Park in the south-central part of the areas in Brazil that cover an area of 75 million hectares Korean Peninsula. Two others are described in this volume: of land. National parks, of which there are 70, are one of Bukhansan National Park at the edge of Seoul, the country’s twelve categories of such protected areas and include capital, and Mudeungsan National Park in its fifth largest city, Tijuca National Park in Rio de Janeiro, which is profiled in Gwangju. In 2012, KNPS, which is responsible to the Ministry this volume. ICMBio was created in 2007 out of Brazil’s of Environment, began implementing a ten-year master plan main environmental agency to form an entity specifically aimed at ensuring a high level of professional and scientific dedicated to the management of federal protected areas. management and high-quality tourist services. Its tasks include law enforcement, fire control, ecotourism, http://english.knps.or.kr/ research, species reintroduction, and interaction with traditional populations living in and at the edges of Brazilian protected areas. www.ICMBio.gov.br ii iii InterEnvironment Institute Santa Monica Mountains Conservancy InterEnvironment Institute, based in California, is an The Santa Monica Mountains Conservancy is an agency independent public policy center affiliated with Claremont of the State of California. Through direct action, alliances Graduate University. Since its founding in 1969, it has and partnerships, the Conservancy’s mission is to specialized in making connections that otherwise would strategically buy back, preserve, protect, restore and be unlikely to happen. Internationally, it has done this by: enhance treasured pieces of Southern