Australasian Journal of Environmental Management ISSN: 1448-6563 (Print) 2159-5356 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tjem20 The eradication of fallow deer (Dama dama) and feral goats (Capra hircus) from Kangaroo Island, South Australia Pip Masters, Nick Markopoulos, Brenton Florance & Richard Southgate To cite this article: Pip Masters, Nick Markopoulos, Brenton Florance & Richard Southgate (2018) The eradication of fallow deer (Dama dama) and feral goats (Capra hircus) from Kangaroo Island, South Australia, Australasian Journal of Environmental Management, 25:1, 86-98, DOI: 10.1080/14486563.2017.1417166 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/14486563.2017.1417166 Published online: 01 Feb 2018. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 4 View related articles View Crossmark data Citing articles: 1 View citing articles Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=tjem20 AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, 2018 VOL. 25, NO. 1, 86–98 https://doi.org/10.1080/14486563.2017.1417166 The eradication of fallow deer (Dama dama) and feral goats (Capra hircus) from Kangaroo Island, South Australia Pip Mastersa,b, Nick Markopoulosb, Brenton Floranceb and Richard Southgatea aEnvisage Environmental Services, Kingscote, Australia; bNatural Resources Kangaroo Island, Kingscote, Australia ABSTRACT KEYWORDS An eradication program for fallow deer (Dama dama) and feral goats Deer; goats; island (Capra hircus) was initiated on Kangaroo Island in 2005 and is now eradications; population close to completion. The program followed established principles monitoring for successful eradication which included effective planning, gaining support from stakeholders, developing and implementing effective control and monitoring, and minimising reinfestation risks. Support for the eradication program was high based on results from community surveys and public meetings. The distribution of feral goats and fallow deer was identified initially using community observations. The area occupied by goats was divided into seven management units which were targeted sequentially, but the deer population was small and could be targeted effectively across the entire distribution. Judas goats were an essential part of the program and assisted in the location and destruction of over 1200 feral goats. Since the program began, restrictions for keeping domestic goats and deer have been tightened with the implementation of a permit system. There are no known feral goats surviving. No juvenile deer have been detected for four years and only two female deer. Monitoring continues to determine if other breeding individuals remain. Introduction In Australia since European settlement, 29 of the 315 endemic land mammals have become extinct and a further 56 species are listed as threatened with extinction (Woinarski et al. 2014). Invasive species have been identified as a main driver but because of the dif- ficulty of controlling and eradicating these species across large areas of the mainland, con- servation agencies are starting to focus management on islands where eradication of introduced species is achievable. Australia has over 8200 islands (Geoscience Australia 2017), many of which are important for conservation because they support species that are only found on islands, or they act as refugia for the last remaining translocated individuals. A review of successful eradications has shown that large, inhabited, topographically diverse islands provide the greatest complexity for eradication success (Gregory et al. CONTACT Pip Masters [email protected] © 2017 Environment Institute of Australia and New Zealand Inc. AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 87 2014) and will only be successful with strong community support, effective control options and effective planning, monitoring and evaluation. This article summarises the steps taken to successfully eradicate feral goat (Capra hircus) and fallow deer (Dama dama) from Kan- garoo Island, Australia’s third-largest island (4400 km2). The island is situated 14 km off the coast of South Australia and is nationally important for biodiversity conservation, primary production and tourism. It has a resident population of around 4500 people. Goats were brought to Kangaroo Island nearly 200 years ago by early settlers (Nunn 1989; Taylor 2002), and feral populations became established around the west coast of the island. This has resulted in overgrazing of native vegetation and land erosion, particu- larly on sand dunes and around high impact areas such as caves and watering points. Feral goats are a common pest in island ecosystems, causing habitat destruction through over- browsing, weed dispersal and soil erosion (Coblentz 1978; Parkes 1990; Biodiversity Group 1999). The removal of feral goats can have great benefits for ecosystem integrity, resulting in the recovery of vegetation, even when feral goats have impacted the area for many years (Hamann 1979, 1993; Parkes et al. 2002; Campbell & Donlan 2005). Fallow deer became feral on Kangaroo Island in the 1990s when fencing around a deer farm deteriorated and the deer escaped. A community control program was implemented but with inadequate financial and professional backing, the program failed. In 2005, with the call for demonstration sites by the Invasive Animal Cooperative Research Centre, funding was committed to develop a program for the eradication of goats and deer over a six-year period and commitment for additional ongoing funding was sourced from other government agencies. An eradication program for feral goats and deer was implemented and is now in the final monitoring stage. This article outlines the crucial components of the program that were necessary to achieve successful eradica- tion of these species on a relatively large and inhabited island. The program incorporated the principles for successful eradication outlined by Parkes (1993) and Bomford and O’Brien (1995). The major components addressed during this program were: (1) assess, gain and maintain public and government support for the program; (2) plan for cost-effective eradication and implement the program using skilled and dedi- cated staff; (3) develop and implement control options that can reduce the population faster than the reproduction rate, and ensure every individual is at risk of destruction; (4) detect individuals at low densities, and continue to monitor areas to ensure no unde- tected populations remain; (5) measure and describe the impacts of the pest species so the community can under- stand the importance of the program; and (6) minimise reinfestation risks by developing effective management and permit require- ments for domestic populations. Assess, gain and maintain public and government support for the program Public opposition is the most common obstacle to the implementation of an eradication program, so it is important to gauge public opinion prior to initiation (Genovesi 2007; Oppel et al. 2011). On Kangaroo Island, public support was gauged through public 88 P. MASTERS ET AL. meetings, scoping meetings targeting sectors of the community, and through conversa- tions at local shows and field days. Issues addressed included perceptions of feral goat and deer impacts and benefits, requirements for managing domestic goats and deer, and the level of resident support for an eradication program. The community also helped to clarify the distribution of feral goats on the island by identifying locations of sightings. Articles about the feral eradication program were placed in the local newspaper and newsletters, and information was provided at public events and through displays in public places, such as the airport and library window. A survey, designed to determine the support for feral and domestic goat control, was distributed to all households. This resulted in an 8 per cent return rate (126 respondents). Overall 94 per cent of the local community strongly supported eradication. Additional questions relating to management of domestic goats found that they were kept for meat, milk and pets. Half of the community (52 per cent) supported the exclusion of dom- estic goats from the island, and 65 per cent believed that domestic goat management should be improved through goat registration and more stringent fencing requirements. Deer on the other hand were regarded as a threat to the stud cattle industry, because of the potential for deer to carry Johne’s disease, and they were becoming a road hazard as the population increased in abundance. At the beginning of the program, there were only five landholders who owned deer, of whom only three had more than two individuals. One of the greatest challenges for the program was gaining access to all private prop- erties that were occupied by feral goats and deer. Most landholders were supportive and accommodating but others used the animals as a hunting resource and did not want to see them removed. It was important throughout the program for control officers to maintain one-on-one contact with all relevant landholders. Officers ensured that they followed all procedures required by the landholder when on their property. Public lands (conservation reserves) were selected first for goat eradication. This was done to demonstrate to the community that the program could achieve success and to reduce the likelihood of community criti- cism that private land was being targeted while goats were uncontrolled on government