South Dakota State University Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange Theses and Dissertations 2013 Heavy Metals in Traditionally Used Fruits Among the Lakota Joanita M. Kant South Dakota State University Follow this and additional works at: https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/etd Recommended Citation Kant, Joanita M., "Heavy Metals in Traditionally Used Fruits Among the Lakota" (2013). Theses and Dissertations. 1448. https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/etd/1448 This Dissertation - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. HEAVY METALS IN TRADITIONALLY USED FRUITS AMONG THE LAKOTA BY JOANITA KANT A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy Major in Biological Sciences Specialization in Plant Science South Dakota State University 2013 ii HEAVY METALS IN TRADITIONALLY USED FRUITS AMONG THE LAKOTA This dissertation is approved as a creditable and independent investigation by a candidate for the Doctor of Philosophy in Biological Sciences with Plant Science Specialization degree and is acceptable for meeting the dissertation requirements for this degree. Acceptance of this does not imply that the conclusions reached by the candidate are necessarily the conclusions of the major department. ________________________________________ Bruce W. Berdanier, Ph. D., P. E. Date Co-Dissertation Advisor Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering ________________________________________ Gary E. Larson, Ph. D. Date Co-Dissertation Advisor Department of Natural Resource Management ________________________________________ David W. Willis Date Head, Department of Natural Resource Management ________________________________________ Kinchel C. Doerner Date Dean, Graduate School iii For Eugene Buechel iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am grateful to the following individuals and organizations for their assistance. Dr. Bruce Berdanier, Head of the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (CEE) at South Dakota State University (SDSU), served as my Graduate Committee Major Advisor, Co-dissertation Advisor, as well as the Principal Investigator for the National Science Foundation’s (NSF) Pre-Engineering Education Collaborative (PEEC) grant that provided major funding for this research. Dr. Berdanier’s enthusiasm, loyalty, and leadership continually bolstered my confidence throughout the project. I am indebted to many at SDSU, including Dr. Gary Larson, Committee Member and Co- dissertation Advisor, Department of Natural Resource Management, and Curator of Taylor Herbarium; Dr. Suzette Burckhard, Committee Member, Department of CEE, and a primary mentor; Dr. Janet Gritzner, Committee Member, Department of Geography; Dr. Xiangming Guan, Committee Member, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Ms. Beverly Klein, Senior Chemist, SDSU Water and Environmental Research Center Laboratory (WEERC); and Dr. Kyngnan Min, Department of CEE. Others who provided assistance at SDSU include Research Librarian Ms. Mary Kraljic at Briggs Library; Dr. Natalie Thiex, Professor Emerita, Department of Veterinarian and Biomedical Sciences; Mr. Norm Braaten, Institutional Review Board (IRB) Officer; and CEE department secretary Ms. Diane Marsh. Special thanks to Dr. Bruce Mellett, Geography Department, SDSU, for technical assistance with site maps. Interns, students, and work-study staff from SDSU, assisted in the field or laboratory and included Ms.Whitney Kilts, in particular, along with Ms. Laura Henery, Ms. Sadia Malik, Mr. Brett Pidde, Mr. Mohammed Qubbaj, Mr. Daniel Johns, Mr. Armando Hernandez, and v Ms. Nadeesha Samaratunga. Mr. Jordan Anderson, Mr. Cully Williams, and other support desk technicians at the Laptop Center at the Student Union provided technical assistance. Dr. Londa Nwadike, Food Safety Specialist at the University of Vermont provided suggestions for locating various world standards for food and water. Dr. Robert B. Brobst, P.E., Senior Environmental Engineer and Co-Chair of the Pathogen Equivalency Committee, Environmental Protection Agency, US EPA Region 8, Denver, Colorado, suggested several publications that greatly improved the manuscript. During periods of Pine Ridge Reservation (PRR) fieldwork from summer 2011 through 2013, Oglala Lakota College (OLC) students assisted with fieldwork, including Mr. David Fisher and Mr. Willis Zephier. I thank the OLC faculty and staff, including Mr. Jason Tinant, Mr. James Sanovia, Dr. Hannan LaGarry, and Service-Learning Coordinator Ms. Tawa Ducheneaux. At OLC, Drs. Hannan LaGarry and Dawn Frank (Committee Member) facilitated the necessary IRB/RRB (Institutional Review Board/Reservation Review Board) permissions required to conduct research on PRR. South Dakota School of Mines and Technology (SDSMT) colleagues in the field on PRR provided encouragement, including Drs. Foster Sawyer, M. R. Hanson, Damon Fick, and Jennifer Benning. All three schools, OLC, SDSU, and SDSMT, were recipients of NSF grants whereby they formed OSSPEEC as a consortium with various student fieldwork projects on PRR and nearby areas. The acronym OSSPEEC is for OLC, SDSU, SDSMT, Pre-Engineering Education Collaborative, with each school’s grant efforts sometimes known as PEEC, and the whole as OSSPEEC. The National Science Foundation (NSF) provided funding, in part, although I am responsible for the content of this dissertation. vi Ms. Serena Rosales, a guide at Badlands National Park Visitor Center near Rockyford, SD, assisted by helping locate wild rose sites in the badlands. In addition, the staff at the Kyle, SD, Tribal Police helped in identifying and verifying the local names and identification numbers for highways on PRR. I acknowledge the invaluable help of 2011 tribal government staff as follows: Mr. Michael Catches Enemy, Director, and his assistant, hydrologist Ms. Kathryn Converse, at the Oglala Sioux Tribe’s Natural Resources Regulatory Agency (OST NRRA) in Pine Ridge, South Dakota, as well as Ms. Trudy Ecoffey, Senior Biologist at the Oglala Sioux Parks & Recreation Authority (OSPRA) in Kyle, South Dakota. Concerning fieldwork on Rosebud Reservation in the fall of 2012, I thank the following individuals and organizations. Ms. Susie Blacksmith of the Mni Wiconi Program in Rosebud, South Dakota, arranged for my meetings with the Cultural Review Board/Elder Advisory Council for Tribal Historic Preservation Office that approved, for their Institutional Review Board (IRB), the continuation of my research on Rosebud Reservation, and she gave my report to their Cultural Review Board. Ms. Marie Kills In Sight, Director of the Buechel Lakota Memorial Museum at St. Francis Mission, provided access to the late Reverend Eugene Buechel’s ethnobotanical collections and selected a photograph for use from their archives. Ms. Geraldine Provencial and Ms. Cornelia White Feather helped in locating interviewees on Rosebud Reservation. Ms. Provencial provided her residence as a meeting place for some of the interviews, as well as a table, shade canopy, and electrical plug-in near her coffee kiosk at the Rosebud Fair for five days. Reverend John Hatcher, S. J., President of St. Francis Mission among the Lakota at St. Francis, South Dakota, vii allowed me to reside at the mission during the week of the fall 2012 Rosebud Fair, a particularly busy time when accommodations were scarce in the locale. As a result, I collected and transcribed 32 ethnobotanical interviews on Rosebud Reservation (Appendix A), with stipends for participants provided through a grant from the South Dakota Humanities Council, Ms. Sherry DeBoer, Executive Director. Mr. Tim Dwire of the SDSU Foundation, served as the fiscal agent for the Humanities grant. The Denver Public Library, Western History Collection, provided an historical photograph of a Lakota woman preparing chokecherries. Dr. Stephen Van Buren, University Archivist, Head of Special Collections, at the Briggs Library at SDSU, provided early-day maps of the PRR area. Mr. Matthew Reitzel, Manuscript/Photo Archivist, and Mr. Ken Stewart, Research Room Administrator, of the South Dakota State Archives in Pierre, South Dakota, provided World War II gunnery range maps for PRR. Herbaria staff members provided information and searched their databases at my request. They included C. E. Bessey Herbarium’s Mr. Thomas E. Labedz, Collections Manager, Division of Zoology and Division of Botany, University of Nebraska State Museum, Lincoln, Nebraska; High Plains Herbarium’s Dr. Steven Rolfsmeier, Curator, Chadron State College, Chadron, Nebraska; and The Ronald L. McGregor Herbarium’s Mr. Caleb A. Morse, Collection Manager, University of Kansas Campus West, Lawrence, Kansas. For their support and encouragement, I am grateful to Dr. Charles Gritzner, Distinguished Professor of Geography Emeritus; Dr. Carol Peterson, Provost and Vice President of Academic Affairs Emerita; Dr. Diane Rickerl (initially Co-Major Advisor of viii my committee), Associate Dean of the Graduate School Emerita; and Dr. Tim Nichols, Dean of the Honors College. ix CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS ..................................................................................................... xii LIST OF FIGURES