The Acehnese Gampong Three Years On Assessing Local Capacity and Reconstruction Assistance in Post-tsunami Aceh Report of the Aceh Community Assistance Research Project (ACARP) December 2007 Participating Agencies Australian Government Agency for International Development (AusAID) Australian Embassy www.indo.ausaid.gov.au/ The Executing Agency for the Rehabilitation and Reconstruction of Aceh and Nias (BRR) www.e-aceh-nias.org/ United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) www.undp.or.id/ OXFAM www.oxfam.org.uk/ Muslim Aid www.muslimaidindonesia.org/ Catholic Relief Services www.crs.org The World Bank WWW.WORLDBANK.ORG/ID Aceh Research Training Institute, Syiah Kuala University HTTP://USK.AC.ID/ The Acehnese Gampong Three Years On Assessing Local Capacity and Reconstruction Assistance in Post-tsunami Aceh Report of the Aceh Community Assistance Research Project (ACARP) December 2007 The ACARP Team: Team Leader: Bryan Rochelle Senior Research Adviser: Craig Thorburn Training and Research Design Adviser::\YH`H(MÄM Senior Field Researcher: Iwan Dzulvan Amir Operations Manager: Baiq Dian Zoelaeha Administrative Assistant: Ines Anugerawati Field Researchers: Amran Syafriani Rahman Hakim Edy Syahputra A\SÄRHY Riswadi Fakhrurrazi Eka Putra Rosnida Sari Khairiah Faisal Masri Rozal Abdul Hanif Laina Farsiah Fuad Yuhasnibar Masrizal Hardiansyah Azwir Masna Natalia Simatupang Ishak Assa’ad Elly Susanti Roswita Nurlaila Maimun Fuadi Sisca Olivia Santi Maulisa :VÄH2L\THSHZHYP Volunteers & Interns: Farida Fleming Tanya Sejersen I Gede Herry Purnama Enumerators: Nevi Rahmayuni and Zuraihan Data Analyst: Rachmad Hidayat Report Author: Craig Thorburn, Monash University Acknowledgements he Aceh Community Assistance Research Project has The authors bear full responsibilities for Tbeen a joint endeavour supported by the Agency for HU`LYYVYZVMMHJ[VYHUHS`ZPZ;OLÄUKPUNZ the Rehabilitation and Reconstruction for the Region and Community of Aceh and Nias (BRR), the Australia-Indonesia interpretations, and conclusions expressed Partnership for Reconstruction and Development (AIPRD) PUOLYLKVUV[ULJLZZHYPS`YLÅLJ[[OL]PL^Z – [a joint initiative of the Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID) and the Government of Indonesia], of BRR, AusAID, The World Bank, UNDP, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), OXFAM, CRS, Muslim Aid or Syiah Kuala OXFAM, Muslim Aid, Catholic Relief Services (CRS), Syiah University. Any follow-up questions or Kuala University and The World Bank. requests for additional information should be Many people contributed to this effort, it is not possible to list them here. The ACARP Team would like to express their directed to deep gratitude to several key organisations and individuals Bryan Rochelle who helped bring the project to fruition. Special thanks go [email protected] or to the members of the ACARP Steering Committee who provided guidance and advice throughout the preparatory Craig Thorburn HUKÄLSKYLZLHYJOWOHZLZVM[OLWYVQLJ[(Z^LSS[OL;LHT [email protected] wishes to thank members of the ACARP Peer Review Committee for their input and feedback on research design, data analysis and draft report chapters. A few key AusAID staff members were instrumental in initiating the project, and numerous other members of AIPRD-AusAID staff in both Banda Aceh and Jakarta provided support to ACARP throughout its implementation. Members of the LOGICA Project staff also provided invaluable support and guidance throughout the project’s conception and implementation. We wish especially to acknowledge the support of the LOGICA Village Facilitators and Coordinators at the ACARP research sites. The Aceh 9LZLHYJO;YHPUPUN0UZ[P[\[L(9;0»ZYVSLPUOVZ[PUN[OLÄLSK research methods training course was instrumental in the project’s achievement of its objectives. World Bank and UNDP staff provided sample survey questionnaires and data that were instrumental in the design of the ACARP ÄLSKZ\Y]L`TL[OVKVSVN`HUK)99^HZWHY[PJ\SHYS`OLSWM\S in assisting with the collection and production of project data and maps of the ACARP research sites. UNDP, Muslim Aid, CRS, the LOGICA Project and Syiah Kuala University each nominated, seconded and/or ZWVUZVYLKÄLSKYLZLHYJOLYJHUKPKH[LZHUK36.0*(HUK UNDP provided vital logistical and material assistance during the mobilisation of the research teams. The ACARP team is particularly indebted to the Camat, Keucik, village leaders and community members who shared their time, insights and experiences. It is our sincere hope that this project and this report will contribute to positive changes in their villages and regions. acity and Reconstruction Assistance in Post-tsunami Aceh iii Glossary of Acronyms, Indonesian and Acehnese Language Terms Adat (Indonesia, Arabic) Custom, or customary law AIPRD Australia-Indonesia Partnership for Reconstruction and Development AusAID Australian Agency for International Development Balai (Indonesia) Open-plan building, meeting place, also ‘centre’ BAPPENAS Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional: National Development Planning Agency Becak (Indonesia) Bicycle or motorcycle pedicab BKO Bantuan Kendali Operasi: Special Operations Units comprised of auxiliary forces from outside Aceh nominally placed under local commands BRA Badan Reintegrasi-Damai Aceh: Aceh Reintegration Agency BRR Badan Pelaksana Rehabilitasi dan Rekonstruksi Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam dan Nias: The Agency for the Rehabilitation and Reconstruction for the Region and Community of Aceh and Nias Bupati (Indonesia) District Head Camat (Indonesia) Subdistrict Head CFW Cash-for-Work CGI Consultative Group on Indonesia CIGS Community Infrastructure Grant Scheme (LOGICA Program) CoHA Cessation of Hostilities Act (2002) DI/TII (Indonesia) Darul Islam/Tentara Islam Indonesia: A political movement to create an Islamic republic in Indonesia, initiated in West Java in 1949, and active in Aceh between 1953 and 1962 DSF Decentralization Support Facility Dusun (Indonesia) Neighbourhood or hamlet; sub-village territorial unit FFW Food-for-Work GAM (Indonesia) Gerakan Aceh Merdeka: Aceh Independence Movement Gampung (Aceh) Village GDP Gross Domestic Product Gotong-royong (Indonesia) [Tradition and institution of] mutual assistance and voluntary labour IDP Internally displaced person(s) JADUP (Indonesia) Jaminan Hidup: direct cash transfers of Rp. 3,000 per day per household member provided on a monthly basis for tsunami-affected households, [VZ\WWSLTLU[PURPUKKPZ[YPI\[PVUVMYPJLVPSUVVKSLZHUK[PUULKÄZO Kabupaten (Indonesia) District Kadus (Indonesia) Neighbourhood Head Katua Pemuda (Aceh) Village Youth Leader Kaur (Indonesia) Kepala Urusan: Village Government Section Head KDP Kecamatan Development Program Kecamatan (Indonesia) Subdistrict Kenduri (Indonesia) Feast, ritual offering of praise and supplication Keujreun Blang (Aceh) Adat functionary responsible for assisting the Keucik in the management of irrigation for agriculture. Keucik (Aceh) Village Head KORAMIL (Indonesia) Subdistrict-level Military Command Kotamadya (Indonesia) Municipality KPK Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi: Indonesian national Anti-Corruption Commission LEM, or LEGA Lembaga Keuangan Masyarakat, or Gampong: Village Community Economic Institution (or Enterprise) LKMD Lembaga Ketahanan Masyarakat Desa: Village Community Resilience Institution, a relic of New Order era village government reforms LMD Lembaga Musyawarah Desa: Village Consultative Council, another New Order-era village government institution LoGA Law on Governing of Aceh LOGICA Local Governance and Community Infrastructure for Aceh Project Madrasah (Indonesia, Arabic) Islamic school Majelis Ta’lim (Indonesia, Arabic) Council to oversee the implementation of Syariah law iv Meunasah (Aceh) Small mosque structure, used for prayer and religious study, as a dormitory for young men, and a meeting hall MoU Memorandum of Understanding Muge (Aceh) Vendor Mukim (Aceh) Territorial and social unit, comprising about three to ten villages. Also, the (or Kemukiman) customary (adat) functionary who oversees matters of land and resource allocation, inheritance, marriage and matters of customary (religious) law in the Kemukiman Musholla (Indonesia, Arabic) Small mosque NAD 5HUNNYVL(JLO+HY\ZZHSHTVMÄJPHSWVZ[3V.(UHTLVM(JLOWYV]PUJL New Order Government (and era) of ex-President Suharto, 1966-1998 NGO Non-Governmental Organisation Panglima Laot (JLO(KH[SLHKLYPU[OLÄZOPUNJVTT\UP[`PUJOHYNLVMJ\Z[VTHUK[YHKP[PVUHSWYHJ[PJLZ PUTHYPULÄZOPUNPUJS\KPUNTHUHNPUNÄZOPUNHYLHZHUKZL[[SLTLU[VMKPZW\[LZ Panglima Sago (Aceh) GAM Regional Commander; during pre-colonial period, a regional potentate who presided over several Uleebalang Pendampingan (Indonesia) Lit: to accompany, or to walk beside; used to describe support through mentoring, training and ongoing guidance and support Pengajian (Indonesia) Religious teaching or sermon Pesantren (Indonesia) Islamic school, usually with students living at school PERTI (Indonesia) Pergerakan Tarbijah Indonesia: The Indonesian Movement for (Islamic) Education Pilciksung (Indonesia, Aceh) Pemilihan Keucik Langsung: Direct Keucik elections PKK Perhumpunan Kesejahteraan Keluarga: Family Welfare Association POLSEK (Indonesia) Subdistrict-level Police Command Pondok (Indonesia) Type of building, meeting or resting place Puskesmas (Indonesia) Community Health Clinic Pustu (Indonesia) Village Health Post Qanun (Aceh, Arabic) Canon. Regulations issued by the provincial and district governments of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam Rabana (Indonesia, Arabic) Frame drum, chanting of Koranic verses with drumming