Page 10, Mineral Deposits and Resources EDUCATIONAL PUBLICATION 9: 2008 EXPLANATION Area underlain by bituminous coal or lignite Mine (10) Principal outcrop area Pit (4) Principal outcrop area Quarry (9) Principal outcrop area Quarry (22) Area of many abandoned mines Principal outcrop area Quarry/Mine (79) Lime plant (1) OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION Area underlain by salt AND FACILITIES OF OKLAHOMA Plant (2) Salt plain Dan T. Boyd, Oklahoma Geological Survey MINERAL DEPOSITS AND RESOURCES OF OKLAHOMA (Exclusive of Oil and Gas) Kenneth S. Johnson, Oklahoma Geological Survey Oklahoma’s mineral resources, produced in all 77 counties, in- nonfuel-mineral and coal production in Oklahoma during 2004 was in feldspar; seventh in common clays produced; and eighth in indus- economy of Oklahoma, although metals are no longer produced. clude: nonfuel minerals such as limestone, gypsum, salt, clays, io- $558 million. Leading commodities produced during 2004 were trial sand and gravel. The Miami-Picher area of Ottawa County was a center for lead-zinc dine, and sand and gravel; coal; and petroleum (crude oil and natural crushed stone (valued at $195 million), portland cement (production Important reserves of certain high-purity minerals suitable as raw production in the world-famous Tri-State Mining District of north- gas). In recent years, the mineral industry has been the State’s great- data withheld), construction sand and gravel ($54 million), coal ($51 materials for manufacture of various chemicals include high-calci- eastern Oklahoma, southeastern Kansas, and southwestern Mis- est source of revenue. In 2004, the combined value of petroleum, million), industrial sand and gravel ($32 million), gypsum ($21 mil- um limestone, high-purity dolomite, and glass sand in south-central souri. Ottawa County’s underground mines produced approximately coal, and nonfuel minerals produced in Oklahoma was about $12 lion), and iodine ($16 million). Other commodities now produced and eastern parts of Oklahoma; gypsum and salt are widespread in 1.3 million tons of lead and 5.2 million tons of zinc between 1891 billion; it reached a high of nearly $13 billion in 1982 and 1984. in Oklahoma, or for which there are current mining permits, include western Oklahoma. Under proper economic conditions, the abun- and 1970, when the last mine was closed. Oklahoma led the nation Total production of all minerals since statehood (1907) is valued at clays and shale, salt, lime, granite, rhyolite, dolomite, sandstone, dance and purity of these minerals would enable the manufacture of in zinc production almost every year from 1918 through 1945. In the $231 billion. volcanic ash, and tripoli. Deposits and resources that are not mined caustic soda, soda ash, chlorine, sulfur, sulfuric acid, lime, sodium southwest corner of the State, near Altus (Jackson County), a sur- Although Oklahoma petroleum production accounts for about now, or with no current mining permits, include asphalt, lead, zinc, silicate, and other chemicals. Oil, natural gas, and water, which are face copper mine produced approximately 1.88 million tons of ore 95% of Oklahoma’s annual mineral output, nonfuel minerals and copper, iron, manganese, titanium, and uranium. Oklahoma ranked needed to manufacture these products, are plentiful in most of Okla- between 1964 and 1975. A decline in copper prices and an increase coal represent a significant part of the State’s current economy and first in U.S. production of gypsum and iodine (Oklahoma is the only homa, and bituminous coal is abundant in eastern Oklahoma. in production costs caused the mine to close. an important source of future wealth. The total estimated value of producer of iodine in the U.S.); second in tripoli production; fourth Historically, lead, zinc, and copper were very important to the EDUCATIONAL PUBLICATION 9: 2008 Oil and Gas, Page 11 EXPLANATION There were five major petroleum refiner- ies operating in Oklahoma at the end of 2000, each with a daily capacity of over over 45,000 barrels. An additional five, much smaller facilities, are present that * employ as few as 8 workers. These refin- eries produce a wide range of products including propane, gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, fuel oil, lubricants, petroleum coke, * sulfur, and asphalt. They have a combined crude-oil capacity of about 450,000 barrels (18,900,000 gallons) per day. * There are many facilities in Oklahoma At the end of 2000, Oklahoma had 70 gas- that produce chemicals derived from processing plants concentrated in the gas- petroleum, and these are commonly producing western half of the State. These associated with refineries. The 17 have a capacity of 4,197 million cubic feet plants in the State that employed at per day and handle 2,676 million cubic feet least 10 workers at the end of 2000 are per day of natural gas. They produce an shown on the map. These produce a average of 7.85 million gallons of liquid variety of products, including lubricants, products per day, which on an annualized fertilizer, plastics, petroleum coke, and basis is about 68 million barrels. carbon black. *Outlines of oil and gas fields and areas of oil and gas production based on Boyd (2002). OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION AND FACILITIES OF OKLAHOMA Dan T. Boyd, Oklahoma Geological Survey Oil and gas are organic compounds dominantly composed of seeps before European settlers arrived. The first commercial (profit- hydrogen and carbon, hence the name “hydrocarbons.” They form able) oil well was drilled in 1896 near Bartlesville, in present-day from microscopic organisms, deposited with sediments that later Washington County. Oil production increased rapidly after 1900, become sedimentary rocks after deep burial in a geologic basin. providing the impetus for statehood in 1907. Annual production Temperature and pressure increase with depth of burial, and over peaked at 278 million barrels in 1927 with many intermediate highs an average price of $50 per barrel, annual production has a value of likely to remain strong well into the 21st century. In 2005, annual geologic time the organic remains convert to oil and gas through and lows since then. Statewide production declined continuously more than $3.0 billion. At the end of 2005, the U.S. Department of natural-gas production was about 1.6 trillion cubic feet, about 8% thermal alteration. The oil and gas migrate from fine-grained source since 1984, near the end of the last major drilling boom. Cumula- Energy placed Oklahoma’s proved oil reserves at 588 million bar- of U.S. production, making Oklahoma the third largest U.S. gas rocks into coarser, more permeable rocks. Because oil and gas are tive oil production in Oklahoma is about 14.7 billion barrels, with a rels. producer. The 2005 production rate is about two-thirds the peak buoyant, they migrate upward until impermeable rocks block the 2005 production rate of 167,000 barrels per day. In 2005 the average Natural gas, almost always associated with oil, was considered reached in 1990. At a market price of about $5 per thousand cubic path of movement. Such a barrier (seal) blocks further migration; production rate per oil well in Oklahoma was just more than 2 bar- a nuisance or drilling hazard in the early days. Exploration did not feet, the 2005 volume has a value of nearly $8 billion. At the end of the geometry of the seal is a factor that determines the size of the hy- rels per day, highlighting the maturity of the industry. Consumption target natural gas widely in Oklahoma until the second half of the 2005, the U.S. Department of Energy reported proved gas reserves drocarbon trap in which oil and gas accumulate. Most Oklahoma oil of petroleum products in Oklahoma is about 50% greater than its twentieth century. Cumulative gas production through 2005 is 95.6 in Oklahoma at 17.1 trillion cubic feet. Statewide gas production is and gas production comes from sedimentary basins of Pennsylva- production of crude oil. trillion cubic feet; annual production peaked in 1990 at about 6.2 about three times consumption. nian age (287–320 million years ago). Reservoirs across Oklahoma, Oklahoma’s 2005 annual crude-oil production of about 61 mil- billion cubic feet per day. In 2005, production averaged about 4.4 Data cited here are from records compiled and maintained by the however, range from Precambrian (more than 570 million years ago) lion barrels represents slightly more than 3% of the national output billion cubic feet per day. Oklahoma’s natural-gas industry is rela- Oklahoma Corporation Commission, the Oklahoma Department of to Cretaceous (65–146 million years ago). and makes the State the fifth largest crude-oil producer in the coun- tively young. Drilling in Oklahoma, especially for exploration, is Commerce, and the Energy Information Administration of the U.S. Native Americans in Oklahoma discovered and used oil from try. This production rate represents one-quarter of the 1927 peak. At dominated now by wells with gas objectives. Gas production is Department of Energy..