Impact case study (REF3b) Institution: University of Bath Unit of Assessment: A5 Biological Sciences Title of case study: Reintroduction of the Great Bustard into the UK 1. Summary of the impact The project to reintroduce the Great Bustard, a globally endangered bird formerly extinct in the UK, is this country’s flagship platform to raise public awareness of threatened species and the need to preserve biodiversity. The group led by Professor Tamás Székely at the University of Bath contributes directly to the implementation of the reintroduction and provides the research that underpins the project. The project has successfully established a new breeding population, enhanced the survival of released birds and achieved ecological enrichment in the release area. In addition, the project has recruited volunteers and supporters from a broad range of society, has been the subject of extensive media coverage and is the focus of a public engagement programme on conservation. The bird has been adopted as the emblem of the county in which it is being released. 2. Underpinning research The population of Great Bustards declined in Europe over the last two centuries eventually resulting in national extinctions (including the UK). This was probably due to a combination of factors including new agricultural activities, hunting and egg collection [1]. Professor Székely and colleagues are part of a 10 year project (starting in 2004) to reintroduce the Great Bustard Otis tarda, a bird that is classified as globally vulnerable to extinction (IUCN Red List, 2013). The project obtains birds from their native Russia for release on Salisbury Plain, their last known breeding site in the UK [1]. Prof Székely is an evolutionary biologist with a mission to combine top quality evolutionary research with an impact on biodiversity conservation [2]. He is passionate about raising public awareness of science, particularly conservation issues. His team is underpinning conservation decisions by monitoring the behaviour, ecology and distribution of bustards [3]. This project critically depends on the scientific research led and carried out at the Biodiversity Lab in Bath, including a PhD student (Robert J. Burnside 2008 – 2011), other research students based at Bath and a Post-doctoral Researcher (Dr Kate Ashbrook 2011 – present) employed on the EU funded LIFE+ project. Bath is the only research group involved in the LIFE+ project. Research findings are being produced alongside the reintroduction programme, with impact emerging in parallel as the project is used as a flagship conservation exercise. The Great Bustard project (http://greatbustard.org/) is a partnership of the University of Bath, Great Bustard Group, RSPB and Natural England, employing around 20 people full-time, for activities such as importing and rearing chicks for release, land management and development of bustard-specific agri-environment schemes, working with farmers in the local area, and running trips to the project area for visitors. Outside the UK, the project involves coordinated actions in Russia where the eggs are collected and early rearing is carried out before chicks are import to the UK. Networking with projects in Spain, Hungary and Austria, contributes to global conservation for the Great Bustard. Reintroduction projects typically show high mortality of released individuals in the early stages. We have used modelling to show how survival changes from time after release, the main causes of mortality and the factors influencing mortality [1,4]. This research revealed that timing of release into the wild has a significant impact on survival, with birds released in autumn having lower survival than those released in late summer [5]. We analysed the movements and dispersal of birds using satellite monitoring techniques, re- sightings reported by members of the public via the project website, and through monitoring by volunteers using smart-phone based global information system data recording. These unique data showed that although the birds have a south-west movement in late autumn/early winter (perhaps following their innate migratory behaviour exhibited by the stock population in Russia), they do return in the following spring to the close vicinity of the release site and they breed nearby. Page 1 Impact case study (REF3b) The ultimate objective of the project is to establish a self-sustaining breeding population in the UK. To achieve this goal, the Bath team analysed the spatial distribution of Great Bustards [6]. From this analysis we were able to identify how male and female bustards chose areas based upon environmental variables such as land-use, topography and human infrastructure. This has allowed us to prioritise sites where Great Bustards should be released. To inform habitat management strategy further, we have used dietary analysis to identify the preferred diet of released Great Bustards. Data revealed that bustards eat largely plants, with the exception of the breeding period when insect components increase in their diet. This analysis, carried out by a volunteer under the Székely’s team supervision, is currently examining how diet changes throughout the year according to the availability of crops and insects. 3. References to the research [1] Burnside, R.J., I Carter, A. Dawes, D. Waters, L. Lock, P. Goriup & T. Székely 2011. The UK Great Bustard Otis tarda reintroduction trial. Oryx 46: 112-121. DOI: 10.1017/s0030605311000627 [2] Kelsh, R., T. Székely & S. Stuart. 2011. Why should biomedical scientists care about biodiversity? Current Biology 21: 210-211. DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2011.02.014 [3] Burnside, R.J., Zs. Végvári, R. James, S. Konyhás, G. Kovács & T. Székely. 2013. Human disturbance and conspecifics influence display site selection by Great Bustards Otis tarda. Bird Conservation International (in press). Published online 28th March 2013. DOI: 10.1017/S0959270913000142 [4] Végvári, Z, Z. Barta, P. Mustakallio & T. Székely. 2011. Consistent avoidance of human disturbance over large geographic distances by a migratory bird. Biological Letters 7: 814-817. DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2011.0295 [5*] Williams, T., Taylor, A. Ashbrook, K., Rose, H., Waters, D. (2011). LIFE+ Project “Reintroducing the Great Bustard Otis tarda to Southern England (LIFE09/NAT/UK/020):Year 1. (Available from the HEI on request) [6*] Williams, T., Taylor, A. Ashbrook, K., Rose, H. & Waters, D. (2012). LIFE+ Project (LIFE09/NAT/UK/020): Year 2 Summary. (Available from the HEI on request) *Note these findings also submitted for publication in peer-reviewed journals. Grants £35,000 University Research Studentship, John D Burnside, Conservation and reintroduction of Great Bustard Otis tarda € 2.2 million EU-LIFE+, Reintroducing Great Bustard to UK, 2010-2015, Consortium application with RSPB, Great Bustard Group and Natural England. The University of Bath is the sole research organisation associated with this project. 4. Details of the impact 1. Impact on the environment. Prof Szekely’s team has made substantial impact on the environment by reintroducing a flagship conservation species to the UK. This species is one of the handful of bird species, such as the Red Kite, that has been reintroduced in the UK using stocks from their existing breeding populations. Research establishing the most important factors that affect mortality of released bustards [1] had an immediate positive effect on the welfare of birds and their post-release survival. Birds that were released earlier in the year were found to have a higher chance of survival and recruitment into the population than those released later [3]; this finding led to a revision of the release protocols and management by the Great Bustard Group and RSPB [5]. The released birds in 2012 had an initial survival success of 100%, whilst in previous years the survival was less than half [1,3]. Monitoring is in progress to establish whether the improved survival will persist for a substantial time period after release. Research showing that birds return to their release area after winter dispersal to breed [1], has highlighted the importance of maintaining the release area for birds year-round. From this research, we advised the Great Bustard Consortium to prepare and set up plastic decoy bustards in the release pens during the release period and in the breeding season, to socially bind the birds to the release area. This work thus averted a potential criticism arguing that the released birds Page 2 Impact case study (REF3b) would disperse and leave the UK, so that our efforts would be futile. In addition, analysis of spatial distribution of birds released in the UK has provided key information on habitat preferences of Great Bustards [6]. It has been used by the RSPB to locate new release areas and manage the land effectively for Great Bustards [5,6]. Also, a study on diet of released bustards and how this changes throughout the year is critical in developing a targeted agri-environment scheme to be implemented by Natural England. The research was of immediate benefit to the success of the reintroduction programme. The Head of Nature Recovery, RSPB commented [A]: “Bath’s role in the project has been that of monitoring and measuring the parameters deemed to be vital to the success of the project. Using a combination of direct observation and remote data collection from satellite and VHF transmitters they have helped build up a picture of the dispersal and survival of the released birds. Dr Kate Ashbrook working under Professor Tamás Székely has helped to provide data to inform the future direction of the project. Research by the University of Bath has showed that birds have a greater chance of survival if released earlier in the year; this work contributed to the decision to import eggs from Russia for the first time in 2012, allowing us to release birds earlier than previously. Survival rate from the 2012 cohort released at a new site chosen based on data collected from monitoring was markedly higher than in any previous year.