Tipon Water Engineering Masterpiece of the Inca Empire Prepared by Wright Paleohydrological Institute And Wright Water Engineers Final Report No 344-INC-C-2000 April 2001 Tipon Water Engineering Masterpiece of the Inca Empire Final Report No 344-INC-C-2000 Written by: Kenneth R. Wright, P.E. Ruth M. Wright, J.D. Alfredo Valencia Zegarra, Ph.D. Gordon McEwan, Ph.D. Wright Paleohydrological Institute, Denver, Colorado April 2001 © Wright Paleohydrological Institute 2001 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ________________________________________________________ i FIGURES __________________________________________________________________ iii TABLES ___________________________________________________________________ iv DEDICATION ________________________________________________________________v PREFACE _________________________________________________________________ vi 1.0 INTRODUCTION ______________________________________________________1 1.1 Site Location and Description ____________________________________________1 1.2 Hypotheses __________________________________________________________1 1.3 Personnel ___________________________________________________________3 2.0 SCOPE OF WORK ___________________________________________________3 3.0 BACKGROUND AND BASIC DATA ______________________________________5 3.1 History and Function ___________________________________________________5 3.2 Population ___________________________________________________________6 3.3 Climate _____________________________________________________________6 3.4 Geology _____________________________________________________________7 3.5 Infiltration ____________________________________________________________9 3.6 Flora and Fauna _____________________________________________________11 4.0 METHODOLOGY_____________________________________________________13 4.1 Reconnaissance Surveys ______________________________________________13 4.2 Field Instrument Surveys_______________________________________________14 4.3 Field Mapping _______________________________________________________14 4.4 Hydraulic Measurements_______________________________________________14 4.5 Archaeological Documentation __________________________________________14 5.0 TERRACES _________________________________________________________15 5.1 Main Terraces _______________________________________________________15 5.2 Outlying Terraces ____________________________________________________15 6.0 SURFACE WATER HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT ______________________16 6.1 Surface Water Canals ________________________________________________18 6.2 Hydraulic Structures __________________________________________________20 6.3 Canal Capacities _____________________________________________________23 6.3.1 Main Canal Section 1 ________________________________________________23 6.3.2 Main Canal Section 2 ________________________________________________25 6.3.3 Main Canal Section 3 ________________________________________________27 6.3.4 Main Canal Section 4 ________________________________________________28 6.3.5 Main Canal Section 5 ________________________________________________32 i 6.3.6 Main Canal Section 6 ________________________________________________33 6.3.7 Three Canals From Rio Pukara ________________________________________33 6.4 Drainage Basin ______________________________________________________33 6.5 Potential Irrigated Land ________________________________________________34 6.6 Irrigation Water Requirements___________________________________________34 7.0 GROUNDWATER HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT _______________________36 7.1 Tipon Spring ________________________________________________________36 7.2 Water Distribution System ______________________________________________38 7.3 Hydraulic Structures __________________________________________________39 7.3.1 Main Fountain______________________________________________________39 7.3.2 Canal Drop Structures _______________________________________________41 7.4 Ceremonial Fountain __________________________________________________42 7.5 Irrigated Land _______________________________________________________44 7.6 Irrigation Water Requirements___________________________________________44 7.7 Domestic Water Requirements __________________________________________45 7.8 Flow Measurements __________________________________________________45 7.9 Water Quality________________________________________________________46 8.0 DRAINAGE AND FLOOD CONTROL _____________________________________48 8.1 Main Terraces _______________________________________________________48 8.2 Outlying Terraces ____________________________________________________48 8.3 Subsurface Drainage__________________________________________________48 9.0 GENERAL __________________________________________________________48 9.1 Pukara _____________________________________________________________49 9.2 Sinkunakancha ______________________________________________________51 9.3 Patallaqta___________________________________________________________52 9.4 Intiwatana __________________________________________________________52 9.5 Ceremonial Plaza ____________________________________________________54 9.6 Cruzmoqo __________________________________________________________58 9.7 Outer Walls _________________________________________________________60 9.8 Artifacts ____________________________________________________________61 9.9 Canal Tomb _________________________________________________________61 9.10 Hole in the Wall ______________________________________________________63 9.11 Kancha Group _______________________________________________________63 9.12 Hornopata __________________________________________________________64 9.13 Eastern Terraces _____________________________________________________64 9.14 Iglesiaraqui _________________________________________________________64 9.15 Qoyay Oqwayqo _____________________________________________________65 10.0 PALEOHYDROLOGY SUMMARY _______________________________________65 10.1 Overview ___________________________________________________________65 ii 10.2 Water Yield _________________________________________________________66 10.3 Tributary Drainage Basins ______________________________________________66 10.4 Water Handling ______________________________________________________66 10.5 Adequacy of Water Supply _____________________________________________67 10.6 Potential Water-Related Tourist Attractions ________________________________67 11.0 CONCLUSIONS______________________________________________________68 12.0 RESEARCH NEEDS__________________________________________________70 13.0 RECOMMENDATIONS ________________________________________________71 14.0 REFERENCES_______________________________________________________71 APPENDIX—PERMIT FROM INC _______________________________________________73 FIGURES Figure 1.1 Tipon Archaeological Park. Tipon lies half way between San Jeronimo and Lucre, not far from the Wari administrative center of Pikillacta and the K’illke settlement of Chokepukio ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2 Figure 3.1 Geologic map showing extensive area of volcanic bedrock that underlies most of the Tipon Archaeological Park --------------------------------------------------------------------------8 Figure 6.1 Location of the three Inca canals diverting from the Rio Pukara northeast of Pukara.16 Figure 6.2 Point of diversion of the Inca Canal on the Rio Pukara. ------------------------------------ 17 Figure 6.3 Main Inca Canal irrigation turnout to conduit. Structure is 150 meters north of the Canal bend. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 20 Figure 6.4 Main Inca Canal with cross-sectional area of 625 and 600 cm2 with lateral canal with 160 cm2 of area. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21 Figure 6.5 Main Inca Canal showing a bend.---------------------------------------------------------------- 22 Figure 6.6 Main Inca Canal section 1 outside of Muralla (outer wall) at bend. ---------------------- 24 Figure 6.7 Main Inca Canal where the cross sectional area is in excess of 2,000cm2.------------ 26 Figure 6.8 Restored Section 4 plotted discharge curve. -------------------------------------------------- 31 Figure 6.9 Four Cross sections of the main Inca canal downstream of the Intiwatana. ----------- 32 Figure 7.1 Tipon spring headworks showing water collection conduits that provide for efficient water collection.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 36 Figure 7.2 Tipon spring layout with headworks of Canals A, B. and C. ------------------------------- 37 Figure 7.3 1999 Measurement and plan view prior to the restoration of the Main Fountain.----- 40 Figure 7.4 Typical Tipon Terrace hydraulic drop structure to control splashing and to deliver irrigation water from a higher terrace to a lower terrace.----------------------------------- 42 iii Figure 7.5 Ceremonial Fountain on Tipon’s terraces, this fountain was being restored on September 22, 2000. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 43 Figure 7.6 Piper diagram of Tipon’s spring water quality. ----------------------------------------------- 46 Figure 9.1 Plan of Pukara that had an Inca population of at least 100 people. An indoor fountain with two baths was observed. Domestic and irrigation water cam from the Rio Pukara--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------