Tripartite Partnership (TPP) Project Tripartite Partnership (TPP) Project Management models for the provision of small town and peri-urban water services in Ghana Management models for the provision of small town and peri-urban water services in Ghana TPP synthesis report Marieke Adank, IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre ([email protected]) Benedict Tuffuor, TREND Group ([email protected]) 2013 i Management models for the provision of small town and peri-urban water services in Ghana ©2013, TPP Project/Resource Centre Network Ghana The full legal text concerning the terms of use of this license can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/legalcode Published by: WASH Resource Centre Network (RCN) Ghana RCN Secretariat No. 18 Third Close, Airport Residential Area, Accra P. O. Box CT 6135, Cantonments, Accra Cell: 020 2110335 Email: [email protected]; [email protected] Web: www.washghana.net RCN Ghana is a network of institutional partners seeking to promote Knowledge Management in the Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Sector in Ghana. The vision is a dynamic knowledge-driven WASH sector providing improved and sustainable pro-poor services. Cover photos Right: Bekwai small town system (Marieke Adank) Left: Young women fetching water from a public standpipe (Peter McIntyre) ISBN: 978 - 9988 - 1 - 9240 - 2 Adank, M. and Tuffuor, B., 2013. Management models for the provision of small town and peri- urban water services in Ghana. Accra: TPP Project/RCN Ghana. Key words: Urban, small town, Ghana, water supply, management model, service delivery You can download a free copy of this publication from: http://www.washghana.net/page/687 ii Management models for the provision of small town and peri-urban water services in Ghana The TPP project This document is an output of the Tripartite Partnership Project (TPP). TPP aims to strengthen sector capacity for planning and delivery of pro-poor Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) services in Ghana, through the generation, packaging and dissemination of knowledge, especially with regard to sustainable and equitable management models, based on the partnership between public, private and civil society actors. The project was coordinated by TREND Group in partnership with IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre and in a close collaboration with CONIWAS, CWSA and PRUSPA. The first phase of the TPP Project, which ran from January 2009 to 2010, concentrated on the sector review studies and the documentation of interesting models and best practices, and was funded by members of the Netherlands Water Partnership NGO-Group: ICCO, Aqua for All and Simavi. In the second phase of the project, three pilot projects were implemented in (peri-) urban areas and small towns of the TPP Project, funded through an Africa Water Facility grant from the African Development Bank. Within the framework of this first phase of the TPP project, a number of sector studies have been executed. This included a review of global literature on pro-poor urban and small town water services, an institutional mapping of the small town and urban water sector in Ghana, and a mapping of small town and urban water management models in Ghana. A number of these management models identified in Ghana, were selected for further study through the documentation of case studies. The sector review and case studies have been published under the TPP Working Document series and were presented to the sector at the National Level Learning Alliance Platform meeting (NLLAP) on 30 June 2010 for feedback and verification. This document presents a synthesis of the findings of these studies. For more information on TPP, please visit http://www.washghana.net/page/687. TREND Group TREND Group is a Ghanaian NGO, focuses on training, research and networking for the development, delivery and sustained management of water and environmental sanitation facilities. Development of low-cost technologies, household sanitation, and documentation and dissemination of sector information are key roles of TREND. For more information, please contact Eugene Larbi, Managing Director: [email protected]. IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre Ghana IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre is a global ‘think-do-tank’ that is committed to supporting the delivery of water, sanitation and hygiene services that last. It works with a worldwide network of partner organisations in order to achieve equitable and sustainable water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) services. IRC’s roots are in advocacy, knowledge management and capacity building. The organisation was founded in 1968 and established a branch office in Ghana in 2012. For more information, please visit www.irc.nl. iii Management models for the provision of small town and peri-urban water services in Ghana Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank Patrick Moriarty and Vida Duti from IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre, Eugene Larbi from TREND Group and Abu Wumbei from the Resource Centre Network Secretariat for their valuable input and support in the development and publication of this document. Jeske Verhoeven and Rachel Cardone played a crucial role in the finalisation of this document, without which this document would not have been realised. Therefore the authors owe them a big “thank you” as well. Also the authors would like to thank Esinu Abbey, from CWSA, and the GUWC GIS unit for their support in supplying data and information needed to develop the colourful- and, hopefully, insightful maps included in this document. The authors owe a big word of thanks to the authors of the case studies, which formed an important basis for this document: Francis Ampedu (chapter 4), Bernard Akanbang (chapter 5) and Joyce Maku Appiah (chapter 7). The authors furthermore acknowledge the work done under the WASHCost Project on the Life-Cycle Cost Approach (LCCA) and under the Triple-S Project on Sustainable Services at Scale in Ghana, by IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre, in close collaboration with KNUST and CWSA respectively. Both have shaped the thinking of the authors during the time this document was under development. Also, the authors thank the members of the TPP Learning Alliance and the participants of the National Level Learning Alliance Platform meeting of 30 June 2010, on the topic ‘management models for peri-urban and small town water supply in Ghana’, who provided valuable input for the content of this document. The authors are grateful for the financial support from ICCO, Aqua for All and Simavi to the first phase of the TPP Project, of which this document has been the result. iv Management models for the provision of small town and peri-urban water services in Ghana Executive summary This paper describes and discusses existing and emerging models for the provision of urban and small town water services in Ghana. It is the result of studies conducted under the first phase of the Tri-Partite Partnership (TPP) project, which took place in Ghana from 2008-2010. The focus is on describing the different management models within these service delivery models, in theory and in practice. There is no single unambiguous definition in policy or legislation in Ghana that defines a small town according to population size or any other criteria. Basically, the Ghana water sector has been divided into two subsectors since the sector reforms of 1998. The ‘urban water sector’, with utility managed water supply, managed by Ghana Water Company Limited (GWCL) / Ghana Urban Water Company (GUWC), and the ‘rural and small town water sector’, with community managed schemes, facilitated by Community Water and Sanitation Agency (CWSA). Management models The two main formal management models in urban areas and small towns in Ghana are utility management and Community Ownership and Management (COM). In addition to these formal management models, Urban Water Boards are an informal, emerging community management model. Also a number of private, informal management models can be found in peri-urban areas and small towns such as water vendors, water tankers and independent service providers. The utility management model is the main model for urban water supply in Ghana. It has a clear institutional and regulatory framework and provides high level water services through household connections. The tariff related to accessing these water services is relatively low. As the owner of the assets, GWCL is responsible for implementation of new infrastructure and rehabilitation and expansion of existing infrastructure. Community Ownership and Management (COM) model is the main model for water service delivery in small towns which are not covered by the utility network. The Community Ownership and Management model is implemented under the National Community Water and Sanitation Programme by the Community Water and Sanitation Agency (CWSA). Under this model, water services are provided by Water and Sanitation Development Board (WSDBs), either directly, or through a Private Operator (PO). Unlike under utility management, the focus under the COM model is on providing a basic level of service to the majority of the population through standpipes, rather than on providing a high service level to a small group through household connections. Community managed small town water supply can thus be considered pro-poor focussed. Especially in the densely populated low income urban areas which are not (yet) connected to the utility managed network, private entrepreneurs play an important role in the provision of water services. Informal private water service providers either sell water obtained from the utility network or from schemes developed independently from the utility. Water vendors sell water from standpipes, mainly in densely populated low income neighbourhoods. Domestic vendors take their supplies from tanker operators where the utility’s supply is insufficient, rationed, or where there is no reticulation at all. In that case, the tanker operator sells a bulk amount of water to the vendor, v Management models for the provision of small town and peri-urban water services in Ghana who stores and sells it to its customers.