PROCEEDINGS International Conference on Sustainable Concrete Pavements: Practices, Challenges, and Directions Sacramento, California September 15–17, 2010 Organized by: Federal Highway Administration National Concrete Pavement Technology Center Sponsored by: American Concrete Pavement Association American Concrete Pavement Association, Southwest Chapter Cement Association of Canada Co-Sponsored by: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials American Concrete Institute California Department of Transportation California Pavement Preservation Center at California State University, Chico Federal Aviation Administration International Society for Concrete Pavements National Ready Mixed Concrete Association Portland Cement Association Transportation Research Board University of California Pavement Research Center University Transportation Center for Materials in Sustainable Transportation Infrastructure at Michigan Technological University CONFERENCE STEERING COMMITTEE The conference Steering Committee consisted of the following: Shiraz Tayabji, Fugro Consultants, Inc., Columbia, Maryland (Co-Chair) Tom Cackler, National Concrete Pavement Technology Center, Ames, Iowa (Co-Chair) Gina Ahlstrom, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC Brent Trautman, Missouri Department of Transportation, Jefferson City, Missouri Tim Smith, Cement Association of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Paul Tikalsky, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah Sam Tyson, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC Thomas Van Dam, Applied Pavement Technology, Inc. Leif Wathne, American Concrete Pavement Association, Skokie, Illinois Technical Program Subcommittee Peter Taylor, National Concrete Pavement Technology Center (Co-Chair) Shiraz Tayabji, Fugro Consultants, Inc. (Co-Chair), and representatives from FHWA, highway agencies, industry, and academia Conference Administrative Support: Cari Jefferson, Fugro Consultants, Inc., (410) 997-9020, [email protected] Contact for the Conference and Proceedings: Shiraz Tayabji, Fugro Consultants, Inc., (410) 997-9020, [email protected] DISCLAIMER The information presented at the Sacramento conference and contained in these Proceedings does not represent any formal endorsement of techniques, materials, or processes by the sponsoring organizations. The information presented in these Proceedings should be used judiciously by experienced concrete pavement technologists. ii FOREWORD The majority of concrete pavements in the U.S. interstate and primary systems are now routinely being designed to provide a service life of at least 40 years without requiring significant repair/rehabilitation treatments. While the new pavements are being designed and constructed using sound technical know-how, it is not clear that adequate attention is being paid to ensure that these new pavements are being implemented in a sustainable manner. A reason for this is that the best practices guidance on sustainable practices is not readily available to pavement design engineers, specifiers, and constructors. Sustainable construction is of recent origin. However, its importance in the future evolution of our civilization cannot be denied. As resources diminish globally and the environment comes under increasing stress, the adoption of sustainable design and construction practices is being considered as an important strategy to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. Currently, increasing attention is being paid to balancing the economical needs for infrastructure development and the engineering strategies to be employed with the needs for sustainable environmental stewardship. With respect to pavement construction, many new terms and phrases have been introduced in the everyday lexicon of the concrete pavement and concrete materials technologists—green highways, environmentally responsible solutions, LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design), life cycle energy and emissions analysis/assessment, social/environmental benefits, carbon footprint, and ecological footprint. For concrete pavements, sustainability-related considerations can be introduced at the design/engineering phase, in material selection, during construction, while in service, and ultimately at the end of the pavement’s life. In fact, sustainability-related considerations must be integrated through the whole life cycle of a pavement. Although there is a strong desire, and in some cases a mandate, to incorporate sustainability considerations in new concrete pavement design and construction and in the management of existing concrete pavements, there are not widely accepted or clearly understood procedures and guidelines for doing so. This 2 1/2-day international conference was organized as a part of technology transfer activities for the U.S. Advanced Concrete Pavement Technology (ACPT) Program that operates within the Federal Highway Administration. The conference objective was to provide an international forum to discuss the sustainable attributes of concrete pavements by presenting existing technologies, emerging research, approaches to measuring energy and environmental impact, user considerations, and international practices iii and experience. Specifically, there were discussions on improved and innovative processes for achieving sustainable concrete pavements through the pavement’s entire life cycle. It is hoped that the discussion at the conference will help us set directions as to how we implement sustainable concrete pavement technologies. It is also hoped that transportation agencies (as facility owners) and industry worldwide will pay greater attention to the importance of balancing the economical considerations and engineering strategies of infrastructure development with the need for environmental stewardship. The editor would like to thank the authors for supporting the objective of this conference by developing comprehensive papers on sustainable concrete and concrete pavement practices. The papers included in the proceedings were peer-reviewed for technical content, and the editor would also like to thank the conference steering committee members and the many reviewers who participated in the paper review process. Shiraz Tayabji, Ph.D., P.E. Peter Taylor, Ph. D. Co-Editor and Co-Chair Co-Editor and Co-Chair Conference Steering Committee Conference Technical Program Subcommittee Email: stayabi@aolcom Email: [email protected] Table of Contents Sustainability Applications to Concrete Pavements Challenges Confronting Sustainable Practices for Concrete Pavement Design and Construction in Australia George Vorobieff ............................................................................................................1 Basic Principles Behind Sustainability for Concrete Pavements Peter C. Taylor and Thomas Van Dam .........................................................................29 Innovative Sustainable Concrete Pavement Solutions Fares Y. Abdo and David D. Shepherd..........................................................................39 Sustainability Opportunities for Concrete Pavements Jim Grove, Suneel Vanikar, and Leif Wathne ...............................................................55 Sustainable Pavements—FHWA Initiatives Samuel S. Tyson ............................................................................................................71 Sustainable Concrete Pavement Design Concrete Pavement Thickness and Materials Optimization—Design Concepts and Performance in a Cold Climate Thomas Burnham...........................................................................................................87 Structural and Hydrological Design of Pervious Concrete Pavements Using PerviousPave Robert Rodden, Gerald Voigt, and Andrew Gieraltowski...........................................109 Design and Rehabilitation Strategies for Sustainable Concrete Pavements H. Thomas Yu and Mark Swanlund ............................................................................119 Structural/Hydrologic Design and Maintenance of Permeable Interlocking Concrete Pavement David R. Smith and William F. Hunt ..........................................................................131 Sustainable Concrete Paving Materials Use of Low-CO2 Portland Limestone Cement for Pavement Construction in Canada M.D.A. Thomas, K. Cail, B. Blair, A. Delagrave, P. Masson, and K. Kazanis...........151 Use of Performance Cements (ASTM C1157) in Colorado and Utah: Laboratory Durability Testing and Case Studies Thomas J. Van Dam, Brooke W. Smartz, and Todd S. Laker.....................................163 Slag Cement and Concrete Sustainability P. Bohme, G. McLellan, and M. Luther .....................................................................179 Concrete Containing RAP for Use in Concrete Pavement Nabil Hossiney, Mang Tia, and Michael J. Bergin......................................................187 Using Soybean Oil to Improve the Durability of Concrete Pavements John T. Kevern, University of Missouri–Kansas City.................................................209 Sustainable Concrete Paving Mixtures Mixture Proportioning Options for Improving High-Volume Fly Ash Concretes Dale P. Bentz, Chiara F. Ferraris, Igor De la Varga, Max A. Peltz, and John A. Winpigler .................................................................................................223 Performance of Pervious Concrete Designed for Roadway Applications John T. Kevern, Vernon R. Schaefer, Kejin