Suffolk County Vector Control and Wetlands Management Long-Term Plan Literature Review Task Three Book Ten – Freshwater Wetlands & Mosquito Species November 2004 SUFFOLK COUNTY VECTOR CONTROL AND WETLANDS MANAGEMENT LONG - TERM PLAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT PROJECT SPONSOR Steve Levy Suffolk County Executive Department of Public Works Department of Health Services Charles J. Bartha, P.E. Brian L. Harper, M.D., M.P.H. Commissioner Commissioner Richard LaValle, P.E. Vito Minei, P.E. Chief Deputy Commissioner Director, Division of Environmental Quality Leslie A. Mitchel Deputy Commissioner PROJECT MANAGEMENT Project Manager: Walter Dawydiak, P.E., J.D. Chief Engineer, Division of Environmental Quality, Suffolk County Department of Health Services Suffolk County Department of Public Suffolk County Department of Works, Division of Vector Control Health Services, Office of Ecology Dominick V. Ninivaggi Martin Trent Superintendent Acting Chief Tom Iwanejko Kim Shaw Entomologist Bureau Supervisor Mary E. Dempsey Robert M. Waters Biologist Bureau Supervisor Laura Bavaro Senior Environmental Analyst Erin Duffy Environmental Analyst Phil DeBlasi Environmental Analyst Jeanine Schlosser Principal Clerk Cashin Associates, P.C. i Suffolk County Vector Control and Wetlands Management Long-Term Plan Literature Review Task Three Book Ten – Freshwater Wetlands & Mosquito Species November 2004 SUFFOLK COUNTY LONG TERM PLAN CONSULTANT TEAM Cashin Associates, P.C. Hauppauge, NY Subconsultants Cameron Engineering, L.L.P. Syosset, NY Integral Consulting Annapolis, MD Bowne Management Systems, Inc. Mineola, NY Kamazima Lwiza, PhD Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY Ducks Unlimited Stony Brook, NY Steven Goodbred, PhD & Laboratory Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY RTP Environmental Westbury, NY Sinnreich, Safar & Kosakoff Central Islip, NY Bruce Brownawell, PhD & Laboratory Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY Anne McElroy, PhD & Laboratory Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY Andrew Spielman, PhD Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA Richard Pollack, PhD Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA Wayne Crans, PhD Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ Susan Teitelbaum, PhD Mount Sinai School of Medicine, NY Zawicki Vector Management Consultants Freehold, NJ Michael Bottini, Turtle Researcher East Hampton, NY Robert Turner, PhD & Laboratory Southampton College, NY Christopher Gobler, PhD & Laboratory Southampton College, NY Jerome Goddard, PhD Mississippi Department of Health, Jackson, MS Sergio Sanudo, PhD & Laboratory Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY Suffolk County Department of Health Hauppauge, NY Services, Division of Environmental Quality Cashin Associates, P.C. ii Suffolk County Vector Control and Wetlands Management Long-Term Plan Literature Review Task Three Book Ten – Freshwater Wetlands & Mosquito Species November 2004 Primary research for this report was conducted by Cameron Engineering (personnel including David Berg and Andrew Cameron), and Wayne Crans, PhD (Rutgers University). It was edited and revised in response to comments by Cameron Engineering (personnel including David Berg) and Cashin Associates (personnel including David Tonjes, PhD). Review was provided by Cashin Associates (personnel including Gregory Greene and David Tonjes, PhD), and Wayne Crans, PhD (Rutgers), Suffolk County Department of Public Works, Division of Vector Control (personnel including Mary Dempsey and Dominic Ninivaggi), and Suffolk County Department of Health Services (personnel including Erin Duffy). Cashin Associates, P.C. iii Suffolk County Vector Control and Wetlands Management Long-Term Plan Literature Review Task Three Book Ten – Freshwater Wetlands & Mosquito Species November 2004 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................. vi Executive Summary .................................................................................................................................... 1 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 5 1.1. Overview of Freshwater Wetlands ............................................................................................ 6 1.1.1. Hydrology .......................................................................................................................... 7 1.1.2. Ecology ............................................................................................................................... 7 1.1.3. Functions ............................................................................................................................ 8 1.1.4. Trends ................................................................................................................................. 9 1.2. Management of Freshwater Wetlands ..................................................................................... 9 1.2.1 Federal .............................................................................................................................. 10 1.2.2 New York State............................................................................................................... 11 1.2.3 Suffolk County................................................................................................................ 11 1.2.4 Local Government .......................................................................................................... 11 2. Freshwater Ecological Communities ................................................................................................ 13 2.1. Tidal ........................................................................................................................................ 13 2.2. Riverine ................................................................................................................................... 14 2.3. Lacustrine ................................................................................................................................ 14 2.4. Palustrine................................................................................................................................. 15 2.4.1. Swamps............................................................................................................................. 16 2.4.2. Marshes............................................................................................................................. 17 2.4.3. Bogs .................................................................................................................................. 18 3. Classification of Suffolk County’s Freshwater Wetland Habitats................................................. 19 3.1. North Shore ............................................................................................................................. 21 3.2. South Shore Outwash Plain..................................................................................................... 22 3.3. Peconic River/Pine Barrens..................................................................................................... 24 3.4. East End................................................................................................................................... 26 4. Ecological Case Studies...................................................................................................................... 31 4.1. Red Maple – Black Gum Swamp: Upton Ecological Research Reserve................................. 31 4.2. Coastal Plain Pond: Long Pond Greenbelt .............................................................................. 31 4.3. Managed System: Mastic-Shirley Peninsula .......................................................................... 33 5. Mosquito Species of Suffolk County’s Freshwater Wetlands ........................................................ 37 5.1. Aedes ...................................................................................................................................... 39 5.2. Anopheles ................................................................................................................................ 39 5.3. Culex........................................................................................................................................ 39 Cashin Associates, P.C. iv Suffolk County Vector Control and Wetlands Management Long-Term Plan Literature Review Task Three Book Ten – Freshwater Wetlands & Mosquito Species November 2004 5.4. Culiseta.................................................................................................................................... 40 5.5. Coquillettidia........................................................................................................................... 41 5.6. Ochlerotatus ............................................................................................................................ 41 References.................................................................................................................................................. 43 Appendix A: Freshwater Wetlands Found in the Coastal Lowland Ecozone ..................................... 46 Appendix B: Plant and Animal Species Common to Multiple Freshwater Ecosystems in Suffolk County ...............................................................................................................................................