DISSERTATION Titel der Dissertation When Political Economies Meet: Spain, China and Japan in Manila, 1571‐1644 Verfasserin Mag. phil. Birgit Magdalena TREMML angestrebter akademischer Grad Doktorin der Philosophie (Dr. phil.) Wien, Juni 2012 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 092 312 Dissertationsgebiet lt. Studienblatt: Geschichte Betreuerin / Betreuer: Univ. Prof. Dr. Peer Vries Acknowledgements Over the past five years, people often told me how lucky I was for being paid to pursue my passion. Although this shows that research in the humanities is regrettably considered nothing more than a pastime by many, I am also aware that I have been in a very privileged position. My employment at the Department of Social and Economic History at the University of Vienna enabled me to carry out truly global research in Europe, Asia and America, to teach in an inspiring global history program that had a profound impact on my work, and to be introduced into the academic community. Still, the present dissertation would have been impossible without the generous support of other organizations. The Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology (Monbukagakusho), which financed my research as graduate student at the University of Tokyo in 2008/09, deserves special mentioning. I also received generous funding for archival research and participation in conferences from the Österreichische Gesellschaft für Wissenschaft (ÖFG), the Theodor Körner Fonds and the Newberry Library. I would like to express my sincerest gratitude to my advisors Univ. Prof. Dr. Peer Vries and Ao. Prof. Mag. Dr. Friedrich Edelmayer, MAS, whose encouragement, expertise and support have accompanied me over the years. I am deeply indebted to my colleague Ashley Hurst for his patient help in editing this extensive paper as well as to my dear colleagues and friends Gabriele Dorner, Lisa Hellman, Kenji Igawa, Alejandra Irigoin, Csaba Oláh, Yūzuki Ripplinger, Yūko Shimizu, Lisa Sturm, Annelieke Vries‐Baaijens and Kenjiro Yara for discussions, comments and crucial details. Last but not least, I would like to thank my family, friends and my partner Matti Werner for putting up with me during stressful times and always believing in my project. Vienna, June 2012 Table of Contents 1. Introduction...................................................................................................................................................1 1.1. Aims...................................................................................................................................................................4 1.1.1. The Empirical Setting ..............................................................................................................4 1.1.2. Research Overview and Questions ............................................................................... 12 1.1.3. State of the Art ......................................................................................................................... 13 1.2. Sources..........................................................................................................................................................18 1.2.1. Primary Sources and the Problem of Data............................................................... 18 1.2.2. Spanish Data .............................................................................................................................. 19 1.2.3. Japanese Data ............................................................................................................................ 19 1.2.4. Chinese Data............................................................................................................................... 20 1.2.5. Edited Sources .......................................................................................................................... 21 1.3. Building a Theoretical Framework.................................................................................................23 1.4. Methods........................................................................................................................................................24 1.4.1. Reading Against the Grain ................................................................................................. 24 1.4.2. Comparative Analysis........................................................................................................... 25 1.4.3. Connected Histories .............................................................................................................. 27 1.5. Definitions and Setting .........................................................................................................................28 1.5.1. Time and Space ........................................................................................................................ 29 1.5.2. Language ...................................................................................................................................... 32 1.6. Chapter Overview ...................................................................................................................................32 2. The Comparative Framework............................................................................................................34 2.1. General Thoughts on Comparing Political Economies.........................................................34 2.2. The Spanish Overseas Empire ..........................................................................................................35 2.2.1. The Composed Monarchy: A European Empire?.................................................. 37 2.2.2. Integration and Administration of the New World............................................. 39 2.2.3. Trade with the Indies and the Spanish Political Economy ............................. 42 2.2.4. Repositioning in an Emerging Global World: European Conflicts, External Challenges and Maritime Issues............................................................. 46 2.2.5. The 'Foreign' in the Spanish Overseas Empire...................................................... 47 2.3. Ming China ..................................................................................................................................................49 2.3.1. The Setting: Government in late Ming China .......................................................... 51 2.3.2 Ming China's Political Economy....................................................................................... 55 2.3.3. Repositioning in an Emerging Global World – The 1570s and the Single Whip Reforms ....................................................................................................................... 57 2.3.4. Maritime Issues: Illicit Trade Activities and Official Policies in the South China Sea.................................................................................................................................. 60 2.3.5. The 'Foreign' in Ming China.............................................................................................. 63 2.4. Azuchi‐Momoyama / Tokugawa Japan........................................................................................65 2.4.1. The Setting: The Aftermath of Sengoku .................................................................... 67 2.4.2. Pursuing Sovereignty at Home: Hideyoshi vs. Ieyasu ....................................... 70 2.4.3. Repositioning in an Emerging Global World........................................................... 73 2.4.4. A Japanese Political Economy: The Tokugawa bakufu seiken....................... 76 2.4.5. Maritime Issues: From Wakō Enterprices to Shuinsen Trade...................... 78 2.4.6. The ‘Foreign’ in Early Modern Japan........................................................................... 79 2.5. Outlook .........................................................................................................................................................82 3. The Foundations of a Global Stage ..................................................................................................85 3.1. The Early Modern Philippines ..........................................................................................................85 3.1.1 The Islands in Pre‐colonial Times.................................................................................. 86 3.1.2 The Arrival of the Spaniards.............................................................................................. 88 3.2. The Castilian Territorial Model........................................................................................................91 3.2.1. Land Seizure and Regional Administration............................................................. 91 3.2.2. Colonial Offices......................................................................................................................... 94 3.2.3. Dualism between Secular and Ecclesiastical Administration: The Church Beyond Missionary Duties............................................................................................. 97 3.3. Crown Monopolies: Overseas Spain’s Political Economy ................................................ 101 3.3.1. The Founding of the First European Capital in the East ................................105 3.3.2 The Municipal Government..............................................................................................107 3.4.