Sub-Saharan Africa Transport Policy Program The World Bank and Economic Commission for Africa SSATP Working Paper No. 70 Scoping Study Urban Mobility in Three Cities Addis Ababa Dar es Salaam Nairobi Africa Region October 2002 The World Bank Scoping study Urban mobility in three cities Prepared by Transport Research Laboratory The sub-Saharan Africa Transport Policy Program (SSATP) is a joint initiative of the World Bank and the United Nations Economic for Africa (UNECA) to facilitate policy development and related capacity building in the transport sector of sub-Saharan Africa. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed here are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, UNECA or any of their affiliated organizations. TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword ...........................................................................................................................................v Acknowledgements .........................................................................................................................vii 1 Summary ...................................................................................................................................1 2 Introduction...............................................................................................................................9 2.1 Background.........................................................................................................................9 2.2 Structure of Report............................................................................................................10 3 Institutional and Regulatory Issues.......................................................................................11 3.1 Urban Transport Policies ..................................................................................................11 3.2 Institutional Organization .................................................................................................14 4 Financing Transport Development .......................................................................................21 4.1 Roads Development..........................................................................................................21 4.2 Public Transport................................................................................................................23 5 Externalities.............................................................................................................................27 5.1 Safety and Security ...........................................................................................................27 5.2 Environmental Issues........................................................................................................50 6 Transport's Contribution to Urban Development...............................................................53 6.1 Travel Demand .................................................................................................................53 6.2 Transport and the Poor......................................................................................................54 6.3 Employment in Transport Sector......................................................................................55 7 The Way Forward...................................................................................................................56 7.1 The Context ......................................................................................................................56 7.2 Objectives .........................................................................................................................57 7.3 Policies..............................................................................................................................57 7.4 Strategy.............................................................................................................................58 7.5 An Action Program...........................................................................................................64 7.6 Poverty Impact..................................................................................................................70 8 References................................................................................................................................71 9 Appendix A - Addis Ababa ....................................................................................................73 9.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................73 9.2 An Overview of Transport in Ethiopia .............................................................................74 9.3 Transport in Addis Ababa.................................................................................................75 9.4 Profile of Addis Ababa ...................................................................................................100 9.5 A Summary of Transport Characteristics .......................................................................104 9.6 Comparative Operating Cost in Public Transport...........................................................106 9.7 Road Network of Addis Ababa.......................................................................................110 9.8 Transport Surveys of Urban Transport In Addis Ababa.................................................112 9.9 Public Transport Operating Characteristics....................................................................118 9.10 Recommendations...........................................................................................................119 9.11 References.......................................................................................................................120 10 Appendix B - Dar es Salaam ............................................................................................122 10.1 Development Trends.......................................................................................................122 10.2 Populations and Employment .........................................................................................123 10.3 Land Use Pattern.............................................................................................................123 10.4 Transportation Systems...................................................................................................123 10.5 Urban Travel Behavior ...................................................................................................130 10.6 Regulatory Framework of Urban Transport Activities...................................................132 10.7 Environmental Issues......................................................................................................133 10.8 References.......................................................................................................................135 11 Appendix C - Nairobi .......................................................................................................136 11.1 Historical Development ..................................................................................................136 11.2 Urban Growth .................................................................................................................136 11.3 Land Use and Population Distribution............................................................................137 11.4 Institutions Involved in Urban Transport........................................................................138 11.5 Transportation Studies ....................................................................................................140 11.6 Urban Travel Behavior ...................................................................................................141 11.7 Bicycle Ownership..........................................................................................................143 11.8 Travel Problems and Needs of the Urban Poor ..............................................................143 11.9 Road Network.................................................................................................................145 11.10 Public Transport System.................................................................................................151 11.11 Road Traffic Accidents...................................................................................................155 11.12 Environmental Pollution.................................................................................................160 11.13 Summary ........................................................................................................................160 11.14 References ......................................................................................................................161 12 Appendix D – Addis Ababa Accident Blackspots ..........................................................163 13 Appendix E – Dar es Salaam Accident Blackspots........................................................168 14 Appendix F – Nairobi Accident Blackspots....................................................................173 FOREWORD In 2002, a comprehensive scoping study was carried out on the status and development of ur- ban mobility in three sub-Saharan African cities, Addis Ababa (Ethiopia), Nairobi (Kenya) and Dar-es-Salaam (Tanzania). The purpose