the dialectics of orientalism in early modern europe Edited by marcus keller javier irigoyen-garcía The Dialectics of Orientalism in Early Modern Europe Marcus Keller • Javier Irigoyen-García Editors The Dialectics of Orientalism in Early Modern Europe Editors Marcus Keller Javier Irigoyen-García University of Illinois at University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana-Champaign Champaign, IL, USA Champaign, IL, USA ISBN 978-1-137-46235-0 ISBN 978-1-137-46236-7 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-46236-7 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017939329 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018 The author(s) has/have asserted their right(s) to be identified as the author(s) of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. This work is subject to copyright. 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The registered company address is: The Campus, 4 Crinan Street, London, N1 9XW, United Kingdom CONTENTS Introduction: The Dialectics of Early Modern Orientalism 1 Marcus Keller and Javier Irigoyen-García Part I Orientalist Epistemologies A Captive Library Between Morocco and Spain 17 Oumelbanine Zhiri Political Pragmatism, Humanist Ideals, and Early Modern Orientalism in Busbecq’s Turkish Letters 33 Kaya Şahin Competing Forms of Knowledge in Adam Olearius’s Orientalische Reise 51 Aigi Heero and Maris Saagpakk Part II Empire and Its Orients The Discourse Regarding the Chinese and Muslim Worlds in the Hispanic Empire (New Spain and Castile, c.1550–1630) 69 José L. Gasch-Tomás and Natalia Maillard-Álvarez v vi CONTENTS Mapping Islam in the Philippines: Moro Anxieties of the Spanish Empire in the Pacific 85 Ana M. Rodríguez-Rodríguez The Invention of Europe and the Intellectual Struggle for Political Imagination: Spanish Humanism on the Ottomans 101 Natalio Ohanna Part III Orientalism and the Idea of Europe France, Europe, and the Orient in the Essays: Montaigne’s Dialectics 121 Marcus Keller Mehmed II and His Woman: The Idea of Europe in Early Modern Representations of a Female Captive 137 David C. Moberly Was There a Pan-European Orientalism? Icelandic and Flemish Perspectives on Captivity in Muslim North Africa (1628–1656) 155 Toby Wikström Part IV Visual Dialectics Christians of Ottoman Europe in Sixteenth-Century Costume Books 173 Robyn D. Radway Amazon Battle and the Seventeenth-Century Antwerp Painting Canon 195 Lisa Rosenthal CONTENTS vii The Architectural Setting of “Empire”: The English Experience of Ottoman Spectacle in the Late Seventeenth Century and Its Consequences 217 Lydia M. Soo Index 247 EDITORS AND CONTRIBUTORS About the Editors Marcus Keller Associate Professor of French at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, is a specialist of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century French literature and culture and the author of Figurations of France: Literary Nation-Building in Times of Crisis, 1550–1650 (2011). He edited The Turk of Early Modern France (L’Esprit Créateur 2013), and is cur- rently finalizing a monograph entitled Thinking through the Turk: Islam and the Ottoman Empire as Paradigms in Renaissance France. Javier Irigoyen-García Associate Professor of Spanish Studies at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. His research focuses on the representation of race, ethnicity, and class difference in early modern Spain. He has published The Spanish Arcadia: Sheep Herding, Pastoral Discourse, and Ethnicity in Early Modern Spain (University of Toronto Press 2013) and “Moors Dressed as Moors”: Clothing, Social Distinction, and Ethnicity in Early Modern Iberia (University of Toronto Press, forthcoming). Contributors José L. Gasch-Tomás Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain Aigi Heero Tallinn University, Tallinn, Estonia ix x EDITORS AND CONTRIBUTORS Javier Irigoyen-García University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA Marcus Keller University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA Natalia Maillard-Álvarez Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain David C. Moberly University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA Natalio Ohanna Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, USA Robyn D. Radway Princeton University, Princeton, USA Ana M. Rodríguez-Rodríguez University of Iowa, Iowa, USA Lisa Rosenthal University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, USA Maris Saagpakk Tallinn University, Tallinn, Estonia Kaya Şahin Indiana University, Bloomington, USA Lydia M. Soo University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Toby Wikström Tulane University, New Orleans, USA Oumelbanine Zhiri University of California, San Diego, USA LIST OF FIGURES Christians of Ottoman Europe in Sixteenth-Century Costume Books Fig. 1 Cavalry division known as deli, Melchior Lorck, 1576, The Turkish Publication, Fischer catalogue #22. Corresponding text (1688 edition): “Dely oder Türkischen Rittern” [Deli or Turkish Knight] 175 Fig. 2 Ambassador, Melchior Lorck, 1582, The Turkish Publication, Fischer catalogue #104. Corresponding text: “Der Christliche Ambassadeur bey der Türkischen Audientz” [The Christian ambassador to the Turkish audience] 181 Fig. 3 Siege of Szigetvár, from the Suleymanname, illuminated by Nakkaş Osman, Chester Beatty Library, Inventory Number: T 413, folio 95a. © The Trustees of the Chester Beatty Library, Dublin 183 Fig. 4 Turkish Moor, Melchior Lorck, 1581, The Turkish Publication, Fischer catalogue #66. Corresponding text (1646 edition): “Ein Soldat des Morae Begi oder Regenten der Statt Modone” [A soldier of Morae Begi of the regent of the state of Modon (Modoni, a Venetian colony on the Peloponnesian Peninsula conquered by the Ottomans in 1498)] 185 Fig. 5 Hussar Targe, mid-sixteenth century, Metropolitan Museum of Art, 49.57.1, Rogers Fund, 1949 185 xi xii LIST OF FIGURES Fig. 6 Janissary soldier, Csöbör Balázs of Szigetvár, Herzog August-Bibliothek, Wolfenbüttel, Cod. 206, folio 6 188 Amazon Battle and the Seventeenth-Century Antwerp Painting Canon Fig. 1 Willem van Haecht, The Art Cabinet of Cornelis van der Gheest, 1628, oil on panel, 102.5 Â 137.5 cm. Rubenshuis, Antwerp 196 Fig. 2 Peter Paul Rubens, Amazon Battle c. 1618, oil on panel, 120.3 Â 165.3 cm. Alte Pinakothek, Munich 199 Fig. 3 Peter Paul Rubens, after Leonardo da Vinci, The Battle of Anghiari, c. 1615–16, black chalk with brown pen, gouache and ink, 45.1 Â 64 cm. Musée du Louvre, Paris 200 Fig. 4 Peter Paul Rubens, Hippopotamus and Crocodile Hunt, c. 1618, oil on panel, 248 Â 321 cm. Alte Pinakothek, Munich 201 Fig. 5 Peter Paul Rubens and Jan Brueghel the Elder, Amazon Battle, c. 1598–1600, oil on panel, 97 Â 124 cm. Schloss Sanssouci, Potsdam 202 Fig. 6 Willem van Haecht, Apelles Painting Campaspe, c. 1630, oil on panel, 104.9 Â 148.7 cm. Mauritshuis, the Hague 208 The Architectural Setting of “Empire”: The English Experience of Ottoman Spectacle in the Late Seventeenth Century and Its Consequences Fig. 1 Hats of officials in the Procession of Circumcision (J. Covel, “Autograph Journal,” BL Additional MS 22912, f. 191v) (© The British Library Board, ADD. 22912 f191v) 220 Fig. 2 Small nahıl, carried by a single man, in the Procession of Circumcision (J. Covel, “Autograph Journal,” BL Additional MS 22912, f. 191v) (© The British Library Board, ADD. 22912 f191v) 221 Fig. 3 One of the two large nahıls, pulled in the Procession of Circumcision (J. Covel, “Autograph Journal,” BL Additional MS 22912, f. 192r) (© The British Library Board, ADD. 22912 f192r) 222 Fig. 4 Plan of Adrianople (Edirne), showing the possible processional route in 1675, connecting important monuments in the center of the city (Colonel Osmont, carte d’ Andrinople, 1854, Collection du ministère de la Défense, Service historique de la Défense, 6 M R18 4 10 B 225) (© Service historique de la Défense, 6M R18 4 10 B 225) 223 LIST OF FIGURES xiii Fig. 5 Plan of the “quadrangle” (Sırık Meydanı) in front of New Palace (Saray-ı Amire) (J. Covel, “Autograph Journal,” BL Additional MS 22912, f. 199r) (© The British Library Board, ADD. 22912 f199r) 224 Fig. 6 Reconstruction of the New Palace or Saray-ı Amire. Translucent white areas are outdoor spaces, including courtyards. Solid white elements are probable locations of walls, tents, and interior spaces discussed in the text. (Author; satellite image by DigitalGlobe) 225 Fig. 7 Tents erected along the northern edge of the quadrangle (Sırık Meydanı) at the New Palace (Saray-ı Amire) in 1675 (J. Covel, “Autograph Journal,” BL Additional MS 22912, f. 197r) (© The British Library Board, ADD. 22912 f197r) 226 Fig. 8 Lamps set up at the New Palace (Saray-ı Amire) (J. Covel, “Autograph Journal,” BL Additional MS 22912, f. 199v) (© The British Library Board, ADD. 228912 f199v) 227 Fig. 9 Map of the area around Adrianople (J. Covel, “Autograph Journal,” BL Additional MS 22912, f. 172v-173r) (© The British Library Board, ADD.