3/11/2013 Drug Forms/Drug Preparations cont. Oral Drug Forms (PO, po) – used most often Tablet (tab)- disk of compressed drug in different Pharmacology shapes and sizes Scored tablets- evenly divided in halves or quarters by score lines to enhance equal Chapter 4: Medical distribution of the drug if it has to be broken Preparation and Enteric-coated tablet- coating on the tab that Supplies resists disintegration by gastric juices. It dissolves further down the GI tract in the intestinal region to help avoid stomach upset Cannot crush or chew enteric coated tablets! Remember Med Term: enter/o=intestines -ic=pertaining to Drug Forms/Drug Preparations Drug Forms/Drug Preparations cont. Oral Drug Forms cont. How the drug is supplied Capsule (cap)- A gelatin-type container that holds the drug Transdermal delivery system– Drug is absorbed through or across the skin Easier to swallow than noncoated tablets Advantages: Can be opened up and drug contents can be added to Easy application soft foods or beverages for patients who can’t swallow (unless manufacturer contraindicates it) Effective for long periods of time (hours to days) Drug is released at a consistent rate and remains at an Timed-release( sustained-release) capsule- delivers drug effective level in the blood as opposed to “rise and fall” with over an extended period of time pills Decreases how often the drug has to be given CAPS MUST BE SWALLOWED WHOLE. DO NOT CRUSH OR CHEW because all the medication can be released at one time and an overdose could happen 1 3/11/2013 Drug Forms/Drug Preparations cont. Drug Forms/Drug Preparations cont Oral Drug Forms cont. Rectal Dosage Forms (R) – often the choice if Lozenge (troche)-tablet with palatable flavoring, patients are NPO. indicated for local effect on throat or mouth Do not swallow lozenge! Dissolve slowly in mouth Suppository (supp)- drug suspended in a Do not drink for 15 minutes after using to prevent substance like cocoa butter, that melts at washing medicine down throat body temperature. (Note: suppositories are Ex: Mycelex troche (clotrimazole) – and antifungal medication used for thrush. Thrush is a yeast infection also available for vaginal drugs) of the mucus membrane lining the mouth and tongue Enema- Drug suspended in solution to be introduced into the rectum and colon via the anus. Drug Forms/Drug Preparations cont Drug Forms/Drug Preparations cont. Oral Dosage Forms cont. Oral Dosage Forms cont. Suspension(susp) – a liquid form of medication where the drug particles do not dissolve evenly and will Emulsion- liquid drug containing oils/fats in water settle to the bottom of the bottle. SUSPENSIONS MUST Elixer (elix), fluid extract- liquid drug form in alcohol BE SHAKEN BEFORE USE TO EVENLY DISPERSE THE base MEDICATION Should be tightly caped to avoid alcohol Common with antibiotics that available in powder evaporation and reconstituted for children: Should not be available to alcoholics Keflex (cephalexin) Omnicef (cefdinir) Syrup- sweetened, flavored liquid drug form Duricef (cefadroxil) Solution- liquid drug form where the drug is totally Ceclor (cefaclor) dissolved. It is clear as opposed to cloudy with a Theses are examples of cephalosporins suspension 2 3/11/2013 Drug Forms/Drug Preparations cont. Drug Forms/Drug Preparations cont. Topical Drug Forms – dermal and mucosal Injectable Drug Forms Dermal application Liquid – Cream – semisolid drug preparation for external use Ointment (oint)- semisolid drug preparation for external use suspension- drug suspended in a sterile Lotion- liquid preparation applied externally for skin treatment vehicle (must be shaken before use) Liniment- rubbed on the skin as a counterirritant solution- drug dissolved in a sterile vehicle. Dermal patch sterile water base- aqueous (aq) solutions Mucosal membrane Oil base- viscous (thick) solutions – have a Eye, ear, nose drop prolonged absorption time Eye oint Vaginal (vag) cream Powder- dry particles of drugs that must be Rectal/vag suppositories mixed with sterile water or saline to make a Douche solution. (reconstitution) Buccal- placed between cheek & gum (do not swallow) Sublingual- under the tongue-allow to slowly dissolve Drug Forms/Drug Preparations cont Drug Forms/Drug Preparations cont. Injectable Drug Forms cont Inhalable Drug Forms- rapidly absorbed into the Intravenous (IV)- injected directly into a vein. Fastest respiratory system due to large surface area and vast route of admin blood supply of pulmonary capillaries Intramuscular (IM)- injected into a muscle (90 degree Spray or mist- angle). Absorption fairly rapid due to the vascularity nebulizers – liquid medication is placed into a chamber of muscle for breathing treatments Subcutaneous (Subcu)- injected into the fatty layer of metered dose inhalers- ex: asthma inhalers tissue below the skin (45 degree angle/sometimes 90 Dry powdered inhalers- dry powdered medicine(some degree with self-administration) are in a capsule form) is placed in a device and inhaled forcefully Intradermal-inject just beneath the skin (15 degree angle). Used in allergy testing and TB testing) Epidural- injected into a catheter that has been placed in the epidural space of the spinal canal 3 3/11/2013 Supplies Supplies cont. Medicine cup Needles- have 2 measurements Paper cups are used to dispense tablets and capsules Length- short (3/8 inch), medium (1-1 ½ inch), long(5 inch) Plastic 1oz. medicine cups are used to measure and Gauge- a number that represents the diameter of the needle lumen (opening). The higher gauge number dispense oral liquid medications represents the smaller lumen. Motar (glass cup) and pestle (club shaped tool) are Range from 16(largest) to 27 (smallest) used to crush/pulverize tablets Syringes- Ampule- small glass container that holds a single dose standard hypodermic syringe- capacity 2-3ml of sterile solution for injection. It must be broken at the Tuberculin (TB) syringe- very narrow with 1ml capacity neck to obtain the solution Insulin syringe- only for insulin(1ml capacity equal to 100 units of U-100 insulin) * double check all dosages by 2 caregivers before administration Syringe has a dual scale: even number on one side odd on the other Oral syringes- for liquid medications. Should be labeled “not for injection” or “for oral use only” Supplies (cont) Vial- glass container sealed at the top by a rubber stopper to enhance sterility of the contents. Contents may be a solution or a powder that needs to be reconstituted Multiple dose vial- contains large quantities of solution and may be entered repeatedly to obtain the medication through the rubber stopper Unit-dose vials- contain small quantities of solution that are removed during a single use. 4.