Annotation manual for the NPCMJ Stephen Wright Horn, Iku Nagasaki, Alastair Butler, and Kei Yoshimoto Contents 1 Introduction 5 2 Tags 6 2.1 General principles . 6 2.2 Part-of-speech tags . 6 2.3 Syntactic tags . 7 2.4 Tag extensions to specify clause linkage . 8 2.5 Other tags . 9 3 General parsing principles 9 3.1 Overview . 9 3.2 The schema of constituents . 9 3.3 Terminal nodes: . 10 3.4 Flat phrase-structure . 10 3.5 Endocentric structure and exceptions thereto . 10 4 Segmentation and part-of-speech annotation 11 5 Basic clause structure 13 6 Null elements 15 6.1 Null elements without indexing . 15 6.1.1 Null expletive . 15 6.1.2 Zero pronoun with generic impersonal reference . 17 6.1.3 Other zero pronouns . 17 6.1.4 Traces in relative clauses . 18 6.2 Null elements that are always indexed . 19 6.3 The position of null elements . 21 7 Annotation of grammatical roles 26 7.1 Core grammatical roles . 26 7.1.1 Explicitly marked arguments . 27 7.1.2 Implicitly marked arguments . 29 7.1.3 Omitted arguments . 30 7.2 Peripheral grammatical roles . 31 7.2.1 Explicitly marked adjuncts . 32 7.2.2 Implicitly marked adjuncts . 32 7.2.3 Adjunct traces . 36 1 8 Complementizer phrases (CPs) 37 8.1 Projection for sentence final particle (CP-FINAL) . 37 8.2 Questions (CP-QUE) . 38 8.3 Exclamative utterances (CP-EXL) . 40 8.4 Imperative clauses (CP-IMP) . 41 9 Adnominal clauses 45 9.1 Adnominal clauses with traces (IP-REL) . 45 9.2 Adnominal clauses without traces (IP-EMB) . 48 9.3 Adnominally used complementizer clauses（CP-THT） ........... 51 9.4 Internally headed relative clauses . 52 9.5 Resumptive pronouns . 53 10 Nominalized clauses (IP-NML) 54 11 Control environments 56 11.1 Control into small clauses (IP-SMC) . 57 11.2 Control into adverbial clauses (IP-ADV) . 59 11.3 Control into content complements of nouns (IP-EMB) . 62 11.4 Preventing control with null elements . 65 12 Clause coordination 66 12.1 Distinguishing between subordination and coordination . 68 12.2 Expressing coordination while maintaining flat clausal stucture . 79 12.3 Multiple clausal conjuncts . 83 12.4 Summary . 84 13 Non-clausal coordination (CONJP) 85 13.1 Coordinated NPs . 85 13.2 Coordinated PPs . 87 13.3 Coordinated ADVPs . 88 14 Quantification 90 14.1 Quantifiers（Q）and numeral-classifier phrases (NUMCLP) . 90 14.2 Prenominal expressions with Q . 98 14.3 Prenominal expressions with NUMCLP . 100 14.4 Appositive expressions with Q . 104 14.5 Appositive expressions with NUMCLP . 105 14.6 Floating expressions with Q . 107 14.7 Floating expressions with NUMCLP . 108 14.8 Referring expression with Q . 111 14.9 Referring expressions with NUMCLP . 111 14.10Host-less adverbial expressions with Q . 114 14.11Host-less adverbial expressions with NUMCLP . 115 14.12Quantifying expressions with W . 117 14.12.1 W expressions with も ......................... 118 14.12.2 W expressions with か ......................... 121 2 15 Particles/Postpositions (P) 122 15.1 Particles for core grammatical roles (P-ROLE): が, を, に, と, の, etc. 123 15.1.1 Role particle が ............................. 124 15.1.2 Role particle を ............................. 125 15.1.3 Role Particle に ............................. 127 15.1.4 Role particle と ............................. 130 15.1.5 Role particle の ............................. 133 15.1.6 Role-particles marking logical subjects（LGS） ........... 135 15.1.7 Role-particles marking secondary objects (OB2) . 137 15.1.8 Other particles marking subjects (SBJ) and primary objects (OB1) . 137 15.2 Particles for peripheral roles (P-ROLE): の, に, へ, で, から, まで, と, etc . 138 15.3 Complex particles . 142 15.4 Non-clausal connective particles (P-CONN) . 145 15.5 Clausal conjunctive particles (P-CONN) . 148 15.5.1 Conjunctive particles subordinating conditional IPs . 148 15.5.2 Conjunctive particles subordinating non-conditional IPs . 152 15.5.3 Conjunctive particles coordinating independent IPs . 154 15.6 Complementaizer particles: と, という, etc. 156 15.6.1 Content complements of predicates . 156 15.6.2 Content complements of nouns . 157 15.7 Sentence-final particles: か, ね and よ, etc. 158 15.8 Interjectional particles (P-INTJ) . 160 15.9 Toritate (focus) particles: か, しか, は, ばかり, も, etc. 160 15.10Particles as clausal constituents . 161 15.10.1 Connective particles as final elements under IP-ADV . 161 15.10.2 Connective/toritate/role particles within complex predicates . 162 15.10.3 Verbal nouns marked with を ...................... 167 15.11Particle burying . 167 15.12Particle stacking . 169 15.13Particle ommission . 170 16 Predicates 171 16.1 Verbs (VB) . 171 16.2 Predicate extensions . 175 16.3 Light verbs（VB0） ............................... 176 16.4 Secondary verbs（VB2） ............................ 177 16.5 Special cases for verbs する and なる ..................... 181 16.6 い-adjectives (ADJI) . 185 16.7 Special cases (ADJI) . 189 16.8 Past tense (AXD) . 189 16.9 Auxiliary verbs (AX) . 189 16.10Special cases for the auxiliary た/だ ...................... 189 16.11Modal elements (MD) . 190 16.12Copular expressions . 191 16.12.1 Copulas and copula drop . 192 16.12.2 Shapes of copulas . 194 16.13な-adjectives (ADJN) . 197 16.14Special cases and exceptions to な-adjectives . 202 16.15Nominal predicates (NP-PRD) . 202 16.16PPs as copular complements (PP-PRD) . 205 16.17Formal noun plus copula . 206 3 16.18のだ construction . 206 16.19Criteria for analyzing の as a copula . 207 16.19.1 Coordination test for adnominal の ................... 213 17 Noun phrases (NP) 213 17.1 Heads of noun phrases . 214 17.2 Possessive NPs (NP-POS) . 215 17.3 Noun modifiers . 216 17.3.1 Determiners (D) and WH-Determiners (WD) . 216 17.3.2 Prenominals (PNL) . 218 17.4 Vocative NPs (NP-VOC) . 218 17.5 Topic NPs (NP-TPC) . 220 18 Parenthetical layers (PRN) 221 19 Intermediate nominal layers (NML) 225 20 Prenominal phrases (PNLP) 226 21 Adverb phrases (ADVP) 227 22 Punctuation 230 23 Metadata (META) 231 24 Colloquial forms 231 24.1 Interjection phrases (INTJP) . 231 24.2 False starts (FS) . 232 24.3 Ellipsis . 233 24.4 Afterthoughts . 234 24.5 Contractions . 235 24.6 Formal noun こと denoting experience or precedent . 236 25 Constructions 238 25.1 Double subject sentences . 238 25.2 N-bar deletion . 240 25.3 Right node raising construction . 241 25.4 Verbless depictive (absolute) clauses . 244 25.5 Multiple sentences in a quotation . 246 25.6 Focused pseudocleft constructions ..