Memories of Violence, Dreams of Development _ Memorialisation Initiatives in the Peruvian Andes Dissertation zur Erlangung des Dr. Phil. in Politikwissenschaft Eingereicht von Markus Weissert an der Freien Universität Berlin Fachbereich Politik- und Sozialwissenschaften 2015 Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Sven Chojnacki Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Dr. Hans-Joachim Gießmann Datum der Disputation: 28.01.2016 Acknowledgments Many thanks to: the members of ANFASEP and the communities of Santiago de Lucanamarca and Putacca for their hospitality, for answering my many questions and for sharing their histories, knowledge and perceptions with me – without them this work would never have been possible; the staff of COMISEDH and Asociación Paz y Esperanza for sharing their information and self-critically looking into their project work with me; Prof. Dr. Sven Chojnacki of the Otto-Suhr-Institute for Political Science at the Freie Universität Berlin, and Prof. Dr. Dr. Hans-J. Giessmann, Director of the Berghof Foundation, Berlin, for supervising this work and giving me many insights into my work’s topic; Mr. Jefrey Gamarra from the Universidad Nacional San Cristóbal de Huamanga for his knowledge and remarks during my fieldwork in Ayacucho; the Berghof Foundation for financing my research with the Georg Zundel Grant; the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) for financing my fieldwork in 2011; Gloria Huamaní Palomino, Noel Yauri Gálvez and Ana María Ascarza Mendoza who accompanied my fieldwork as research assistants, translated from Quechua to Spanish and vice-versa during interviews and transcribed the interviews in Quechua into Spanish; Maren Sass for her tireless work and helpful comments in proofreading the final version of this study; the Ponce de León and Villavicencio Pimentel families for providing me with food and shelter during my time in Ayacucho; my wife Liliana Villavicencio Pimentel whom I adore for always supporting me during the six years of research and writing and for calmly bearing my sudden changes of mood during this long time. Content i Content Content ........................................................................................................................................ i List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................................. iv List of Figures ......................................................................................................................... viii 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Research Outline .......................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Research Methodology .............................................................................................. 13 1.3 Structure of the Text .................................................................................................. 19 2 Theoretical Framework – Towards a Theory of the Political Geography of Memory .... 21 2.1 Memory and Remembrance....................................................................................... 22 2.2 Memoryscapes – Memory, Place and Politics ........................................................... 31 2.2.1 The Functions of Memorialisation ..................................................................... 33 2.2.2 The Forms of Memorialisation ........................................................................... 40 2.2.3 A New Paradigm of Memorialisation ................................................................ 46 2.3 Transitional Justice and the Politics of Memorialisation........................................... 62 2.3.1 The Transitional Justice Toolkit ......................................................................... 63 2.3.2 A Critique of Transitional Justice Mechanisms ................................................. 78 2.3.3 Places of Memory in Transitional Justice Mechanisms ..................................... 84 2.3.4 The Contribution of Memorialisation Initiatives to Transitional Justice Aims . 91 2.4 A Political Geography of Memory after Human Rights Violations ........................ 105 3 From War to Transitional Justice in the Peruvian Andes ............................................... 112 3.1 State, Community, and Conflict in Ayacucho before the War ................................ 113 3.2 Death in the Andes - The Internal Armed Conflict in Ayacucho ............................ 127 3.3 “El Chino nos dio la paz” – The Fujimori Era ....................................................... 137 3.4 The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (CVR) ................................................. 141 3.4.1 Task, Work and Results of the Peruvian Truth and Reconciliation Commission (CVR) ………………………………………………………………………………...145 ii Content 3.4.2 A Critical Review of the CVR’s Work and Conclusions ................................. 152 3.5 Twelve Years Later – Drawing a Balance of the CVR ........................................... 160 4 Memorialisation Initiatives in the Peruvian Andes ........................................................ 176 4.1 The Legacy of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission ...................................... 177 4.2 Peru’s Memoryscape ............................................................................................... 185 4.3 The Museo de la Memoria de ANFASEP ................................................................ 194 4.3.1 A Short History of ANFASEP ......................................................................... 195 4.3.2 Visiting the Museo de la Memoria de ANFASEP ............................................ 199 4.3.3 Creating the Museo de la Memoria de ANFASEP ........................................... 207 4.3.4 Making Sense of the Museum .......................................................................... 216 4.3.5 Summary .......................................................................................................... 225 4.4 Memorialisation Initiatives in Santiago de Lucanamarca ....................................... 226 4.4.1 A History of Violence ...................................................................................... 227 4.4.2 Transitional Justice in an Andean Community ................................................ 231 4.4.3 Constructing Memorials in Lucanamarca ........................................................ 235 4.4.4 Making Sense of the Memorials ....................................................................... 245 4.4.5 Commemorating the Third of April ................................................................. 256 4.4.6 Summary .......................................................................................................... 261 4.5 The Centro de Memoria in Putacca ......................................................................... 262 4.5.1 Political Violence and NGO Intervention in Putacca ....................................... 264 4.5.2 Creating the Centro de Memoria ...................................................................... 267 4.5.3 Making Sense of the Centro de Memoria de Putacca ...................................... 282 4.5.4 Summary .......................................................................................................... 291 5 Conclusion or Anne Frank in Ayacucho ........................................................................ 292 6 Epilogue or the President’s Visit .................................................................................... 305 7 Bibliography ................................................................................................................... 307 Annex 1: Abstract – English .................................................................................................. 341 Annex 2: Abstract – German .................................................................................................. 343 Content iii Annex 3: About the Author .................................................................................................... 345 iv List of Abbreviations List of Abbreviations ANFASEP Asociación Nacional de Familiares de Secuestrados, Detenidos y Desaparecidos del Perú / National Association of Relatives of the Abducted, Detained and Disappeared of Peru APCI Agencia Peruana de Cooperación Internacional / Peruvian Agency for International Cooperation APRA Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana / Revolutionary American People’s Alliance APRODEH Asociación Pro Derechos Humanos / Association Pro Human Rights CAD Comités de Autodefensa / Self-Defence Committees CEAS Comisión Episcopal de Acción Social / Episcopal Commission for Social Action CEH Comisión de Esclarecimiento Histórico / Commission for Historical Clarification CMAN Comisión Multisectorial de Alto Nivel para el Seguimiento de las Acciones y Políticas del Estado en los Ámbitos de la Paz, la Reparación Colectiva y la Reconciliación Nacional / Multi-Sectoral High Commission for the Implementation of the Actions and Politics of the State in the Areas of Peace, Collective Reparation and National Reconciliation CNMH Centro Nacional de Memoria Histórica / National Center for Historical Memory CNDDHH Coordinadora Nacional de Derechos Humanos / National Coordinator for Human Rights CNRR Comisión Nacional de Reparación y Reconciliación / National Commission for Reparation and Reconciliation COMISEDH Comisión de Derechos