“Similar Psychologists” A Review Worksheet Sigmund Freud - Developed psychoanalysis; considered to be "father of modern psychiatry" – stages of psychosexual development Alfred Adler - Neo-Freudian; introduced concept of "inferiority complex" and stressed the importance of birth order Erik Erikson – Neo-Freudian; Known for his 8-stage theory of Psychosocial Development Karen Horney - Neo-Freudian; offered feminist critique of Freud's theory - credited with founding Feminist Psychology in response to Freud's theory of penis envy. Carl Jung – Humanist - Neo-Freudian who created concept of "collective unconscious" and wrote books on dream interpretation – Jung proposed and developed the concepts of extraversion and introversion; archetypes, persona, and the collective unconscious Ernest Hilgard - famous for his hypnosis research (especially pain control) & the theory that a "hidden observer" is created in the mind while under hypnosis _____________________________________ Mary Ainsworth - Studied attachment in infants using the "strange situation" model to label attachment in infants as "secure," "avoidant insecure," “resistant insecure,” and “disorganized/disoriented” Harry Harlow – Studied attachment in monkeys with artificial mothers – examined social isolation and resulting depression - Studied under Lewis Terman at Stanford and with Abraham Maslow (as professors) at the U of Wisconsin Konrad Lorenz - won Nobel prize for research on imprinting _____________________________________ Solomon Asch - Gestalt psychologist - Conducted famous conformity experiment that required subjects to match lines (demonstrating the influence of group pressure on opinions) – also studied impression formation, and prestige suggestion among other topics in social psych - work follows a common theme of Gestalt psychology that the whole is not only greater than the sum of its parts, but the nature of the whole fundamentally alters the parts. Asch stated, “Most social acts have to be understood in their setting, and lose meaning if isolated. No error in thinking about social facts is more serious than the failure to see their place and function” Stanley Milgram – Social psychologist - conducted "shocking" experiments on obedience and authority Philip Zimbardo – Social psychologist - Conducted Stanford Prison experiment (obedience & good vs. evil). _____________________________________ Albert Bandura – Famous for the Bobo Doll experiments on observational learning & influence in the Social Cognitive (socio-cognitive) Perspective (Social Learning Theory) – Responsible for terms like self-efficacy and reciprocal determinism. Lev Vygotsky – Developmental psychologist - Founder of "Social Development Theory" (note: not "social learning theory" OR "psychosocial" development...); emphasizes importance of More Knowledge Others (MKO) and the Zone of Proximal Development (refers to the way in which the acquisition of new knowledge is dependent on previous learning, as well as the availability of instruction). _____________________________________ Noam Chomsky - Created concept of "universal grammar" and “language acquisition device” Benjamin Lee Whorf - Famous for describing concept of "linguistic determinism" (Whorf hypothesis or Whorfism) _____________________________________ Hermann Ebbinghaus - Memorized nonsense syllables in early study on human memory (forgetting curve and spacing effect) Elizabeth Loftus - Her research on memory construction and the “misinformation effect” created doubts about the accuracy of eye-witness testimony George A. Miller – One of the founders of Cognitive Psychology - made famous the phrase: "the magical number 7, plus or minus 2" when describing human short- term memory capacity Daniel Kahneman & Amos Tversky - investigated the use of heuristics in decision- making; studied the availability, anchoring, and representativeness heuristics _____________________________________ Lawrence Kohlberg - Famous for his theory of moral development in children; made use of moral dilemmas in assessment (extended the work of Piaget) Carol Gilligan - Presented feminist critique of Kolhberg's moral development theory; believed women's moral sense guided by relationships _____________________________________ Jerome Kagan – One of key pioneers of Developmental Psychology - Conducted longitudinal studies on temperament (infancy to adolescence) Diana Baumrind - her theory of parenting styles had three main types: 1.permissive – too soft, authoritarian – too hard, & authoritatiVe – just right) _____________________________________ Paul Broca - the part of the brain (in the left frontal lobe) responsible for coordinating muscles involved in speech was named for him, because he first identified it (Broca’s Area) Carl Wernicke - an area of the brain (in the left temporal lobe) involved in language comprehension and expression was named for him because he discovered it (Wernicke’s Area) _____________________________________ Michael Gazzaniga - Conducted the "HE-ART" experiments with split brain patients Roger Sperry - like Gazzaniga, studied split brain patients; showed that left/right hemispheres have different functions _____________________________________ William James - created Functionalist school of thought. Early American psychology teacher/philosopher/doctor - First educator to offer a psychology course in the United States - "Father of American psychology" Mary Whiton Calkins - first female president of the APA (1905); a student of William James; denied the PhD she earned from Harvard because of her sex (later, posthumously, it was granted to her) Wilhelm Wundt - Conducted first psychology experiments in first psych laboratory – “Father of Experimental Psychology” – created Structuralism (Structuralism as a school of psychology sought to analyze the adult mind (the sum total of experience from birth to the present) in terms of the simplest definable components and then to find how these components fit together to form more complex experiences as well as how they correlated to physical events. To do this the psychologists would use the method of introspection, self-reports of sensations, views, feelings, emotions, etc) Edward Titchener – expanded on and brought Wundt’s idea of Structuralism to U.S. - Created the largest doctoral program in the United States (at the time) after becoming a professor at Cornell University Margaret Floy Washburn - Titchener’s first graduate student - First female to be awarded a PhD in psychology (1894); 2nd president of the APA (1921). G. Stanley Hall - first American to work for Wundt; Founded the American Psychological Association (now largest organization of psychologists in the USA) and became first APA president _____________________________________ Gordon Allport - Founder of Trait Theory – One of the founding figures of personality psychology Walter Mischel - offered famous critique of trait theory and its claims – studied self-control in addition to personality Paul Costa & Robert McCrae - creators of the "Big Five" model of personality traits _____________________________________ Albert Ellis - Developed "rational emotive behavior therapy" (REBT) Aaron Beck - Developed cognitive-behavior therapy _____________________________________ Abraham Maslow - Humanistic psychologist known for his "Hierarchy of Needs" and the concept of "self-actualization" Rollo May – Existential/Humanistic psychologist. Expanded on Maslow’s work to develop existential psychology. Carl Rogers – Humanist - developed "client-centered" therapy – self-concept, unconditional positive regard, real self vs ideal self. _____________________________________ Ivan Pavlov - Described process of classical conditioning after famous experiments with dogs Mary Cover Jones - "mother of behavior therapy"; used classical conditioning to help "Peter" overcome fear of rabbits Robert Rescorla - researched classical conditioning; found subjects learn the predictability of an event through trials (cognitive element) Edward Thorndike - Famous for "law of effect" and research on cats in "puzzle boxes" B.F. Skinner - Described process of operant conditioning John Watson - Early behaviorist; famous for the "Little Albert" experiments on fear conditioning Joseph Wolpe - described use of systematic desensitization to treat phobias John Garcia - studied taste aversion in rats; led to knowledge that sickness and taste preferences can be conditioned Edward Tolman - researched rats' use of "cognitive maps" _____________________________________ David Hubel & Torsten Weisel - two Nobel Prize winning neuroscientists who demonstrated the importance of "feature detector" neurons in visual perception Ernst Weber - best known for "Weber's Law", the notion that the JND magnitude is proportional to the stimulus magnitude Gustav Fechner - early German psychologist (scholar of Weber) credited with founding psychophysics – credited with demonstrating the non-linear relationship between psychological sensation and the physical intensity of a stimulus _____________________________________ Fritz Perls - Creator of Gestalt Therapy Wolfgang Kohler - considered to be the founder of Gestalt Psychology _____________________________________ Alfred Kinsey - his research described human sexual behavior and was controversial (for its methodology & findings) William Masters & Virginia Johnson - used direct observation and experimentation to study sexual response cycle (4 stages) _____________________________________ Alfred Binet – French psychologist - created first intelligence test