OUTCOMES OF BREASTFEEDING VERSUS FORMULA FEEDING Ginna Wall, RN, MN, IBCLC [email protected] Last updated: November 2013 Author’s Note We have fully embraced the work of Jon Ahrendsen, MD, FAAFP from Loma Linda University who originally published "Advantages of Breastfeeding". This bibliography was last updated in 1995. Evergreen Perinatal Education (EPE) is firmly dedicated to improving maternity care and infant feeding practices. "Outcomes" is updated and published bi-annually to provide evidence-based information about the differences between breast- and artificial formula-feeding and their related impacts on important maternal and child health outcomes. The articles are chosen from a PubMed and CINAHL monthly search for research or review articles comparing human milk to other food or drinks for human infants. The publication is intended to be a complete bibliography. We reason that if we were to impose a time limit or limit to the number of studies included that we would lose some of the power of the document. Given its comprehensiveness, one has the ability to see which topics have been heavily researched and which have had only one or two studies done. We do update this document regularly so we suggest that it live electronically, rather than printing it. The beauty of having it online is that there is no need to keep the document to a reasonable size, it is never out-of-date, and you can easily search on keywords. We hope you find this comprehensive resource of great use in your every day practice! i TABLE OF CONTENTS I. EFFECTS ON THE INFANT ............................................................................................................................................... 1 A. INFECTION ............................................................................................................................................................................ 1 1. Candidiasis ....................................................................................................................................................................... 1 2. Diarrhea ............................................................................................................................................................................ 1 3. Enteroviruses .................................................................................................................................................................... 2 4. Gastroenteritis .................................................................................................................................................................. 2 5. Giardia .............................................................................................................................................................................. 3 6. Haemophilus Influenza .................................................................................................................................................... 3 7. Infections in general (ear, respiratory, GI, urinary, conjunctivitis, thrush) ..................................................................... 3 8. Meningitis in Preterm Infants .......................................................................................................................................... 4 9. Necrotizing Enterocolitis ................................................................................................................................................. 4 10. Otitis Media (ear infection) ............................................................................................................................................ 5 11. Pneumococcal Disease ................................................................................................................................................... 5 12. Respiratory Infections (general) ..................................................................................................................................... 5 13. Respiratory Syncytial Virus ........................................................................................................................................... 6 14. Salmonellosis ................................................................................................................................................................. 6 15. Sepsis in Preterm Infants ................................................................................................................................................ 7 16. Tobacco smoke (protective effect against exposure to) ................................................................................................. 7 17. Urinary Tract Infections ................................................................................................................................................. 8 B. INFANT AND CHILDHOOD ILLNESSES ................................................................................................................................... 8 1. Anemia and Iron Deficiency ............................................................................................................................................ 8 2. Autoimmune Thyroid Disease ......................................................................................................................................... 9 3. Constipation and Anal Fissures ........................................................................................................................................ 9 4. Cryptorchidism (undescended testicle) ............................................................................................................................ 9 5. Esophageal and Gastric Lesions ...................................................................................................................................... 9 6. Gastroesophageal Reflex .................................................................................................................................................. 9 7. Inguinal Hernia ................................................................................................................................................................ 9 8. Lactose Malabsorption ..................................................................................................................................................... 9 9. Morbidity and Mortality ................................................................................................................................................. 10 10. Plagiocephaly ............................................................................................................................................................... 11 11. Pyloric Stenosis ............................................................................................................................................................ 11 12. Retinopathy of Prematurity .......................................................................................................................................... 11 13. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) ....................................................................................................................... 12 14. Toddler Illnesses .......................................................................................................................................................... 13 15. Wheezing ..................................................................................................................................................................... 13 C. ALLERGIES ......................................................................................................................................................................... 14 1. Allergies in general ........................................................................................................................................................ 14 2. Allergic Rhinitis ............................................................................................................................................................. 15 3. Asthma (see also “Wheezing”) ...................................................................................................................................... 15 4. Eczema ........................................................................................................................................................................... 16 D. DEVELOPMENT AND INTELLIGENCE ................................................................................................................................... 16 1. Bedwetting ..................................................................................................................................................................... 16 2. Brain Activity in Infants of Depressed Mothers ............................................................................................................ 17 3. Brainstem, Cognitive, and Motor Development in Preterm Infants .............................................................................. 17 4. Cognitive Development, Intelligence, and IQ ............................................................................................................... 18 5. Gastrointestinal and Immune Development (see also “Vaccine Response”) ................................................................. 21 6. Hormones