Capabilities and Constraints Land Subsidence in Indonesian Cities of Geodetic Techniques for Monitoring Land Subsidence in the Urban Areas of Indonesia Cilegon Hasanuddin Z. ABIDIN, R. Djaja, H. Andreas, M. Gamal Dept. of Geodetic Engineering, Institute of Technology Bandung, Jl. Ganesha 10, Bandung, INDONESIA K. Hirose, Y. Maruyama Earth Remote Sensing Analysis Center (ERSDAC), Tokyo, JAPAN Denpasar Observed land subsidence : Expected land subsidence : • Jakarta • Surabaya • Bandung • Denpasar observed decrease • Cilegon in groundwater level 3rd FIG Regional Conference for Asia and the Pacific • Semarang • Medan Jakarta, Indonesia, October 3-7, 2004 Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2004 IMPORTANCE OF LAND SUBSIDENCE INFORMATION (GEODETIC) MONITORING OF LAND SUBSIDENCE Three geodetic techniques have been utilized to monitor Flood Spatial control planning land subsidnece in a few urban areas in Indonesia : Leveling, GPS Survey and InSAR Groundwater LAND Infrastructure SUBSIDENCE Geodetic Technique Jakarta Bandung Semarang extraction INFORMATION design and regulation construction Leveling Yes No Yes GPS Survey Yes Yes No Sea water Yes Environmental InSAR No No intrusion control conservation (Preliminary) Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2004 Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2004 Land Subsidence from Leveling, 1982 - 1997 Leveling Points in Jakarta Precise Leveling Network of Jakarta Northing g thin Surveys in Nor 1982, 1991 and 1997 f ) s o (m ur y to ph on ra C og op T Leveling points JAKARTA Easting ALTITUDE Easting -0.3 m -0.8 m -1 m -2 m -2 m 0 m 10 m 20 m 30 m 40 m 50 m Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2001 Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2001 1 MUTIARA MARUNDA DADAP PANTAI MARUNDA ANCOL GPS Derived KAMAL MUTIARA GPS NETWORK KAPUK MUARA RUKINDO RUKINDO CENGKARENG KAPUK Land Subsidence BARAT FOR MONITORING TIJ ANCOL CILINCING KWITANG DAAN MOGOT KALIDERES KLP. GADING MERUYA in cm TOMANG LAND SUBSIDENCE KWITANG PULOGADUNG KEBAYORAN KUNINGAN MERUYA RAWAMANGUN in JAKARTA AREA (Dec. 1997 – Dec. 2002) KEBAYORAN KUNINGAN JATINEGARA TIMUR TAMAN LANGSAT A Survey-1 : 24 - 26 Dec. 1997 R CINERE BARU CONDET Survey-2 : 29 - 30 June 1999 KEBAYORAN KUNING AN KWITANG MARUNDA MERUYA MUTIA KAPUK RUKINDO CINERE PONDOK 0 RANGGON Survey-3 : 31 May - 3 June 2000 Survey-4 : 14 - 19 June 2001 -5 CIBUBUR Survey-5 : 26 - 31 Oct. 2001 -10 Survey-6 : 02 - 07 July 2002 -15 NORTH Survey-7 : 21 - 26 Dec. 2002 -20 Rate of subsidence : GPS Stations Subsidence (cm) -25 (1 – 5) cm/year 10 km GPS Reference Station BAKO -30 Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2004 DADAP GPS NETWORK FOR MONITORING KAMAL MUARA TIJ ANCOL GPS Derived CENGKARENG LAND SUBSIDENCE in BANDUNG BASIN BARAT DAAN MOGOT CILINCING KALIDERES KLP. GADING Land Subsidence PULOGADUNG in cm NORTH GPS Points GPS Reference Point JATINEGARA TIMUR TAMAN LANGSAT (June 2001 – Dec. 2002) 10 km CINERE BARU CMHI PONDOK RANGGON PSCA BRGA UJBR 0 KPO1 DHYK RCK2 Saguling RCK1 -5 Saguling BM13L GDBG Dam BJNS -10 Dam RU KPO2 BM30X A BM9L BM18L -15 ANCOL DADAP AT MJL2 CILINCING TAMAN BM30L R LANGSAT BM19L -20 KALIDERES KAMAL MUARA CINERE B BNJR CPRY -25 MJL1 RENG BA DAAN MOGOT A JATINEGARA TIMUR -30 KELAP A G AD ING PO NDO K RANGON -35 CENGK BANDUNG BASIN BASIN -40 General rate of subsidence : -45 (1 – 10) cm/year PULOGADUNG -50 Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2004 ESTIMATED LAND SUBSIDENCE AND ITS RATE Land Subsidence in Jakarta : InSAR BNJR BJNS CMHI DYHK MJL1 RCK1 RCK2 UJBR BNJR BJNS CMHI DYHK MJL1 RCK1 RCK2 UJBR BRGA CPRY 0 0 0 0 -2 -2 (mm/month) rate Subsidence -5 (mm/month) rate Subsidence -2 -10 -4 -4 -6 -4 -6 -15 Perpendicular -8 -8 -20 -6 Date of pair Period of days -10 -10 Baseline (m) -25 Subsidence (cm) Subsidence -8 -12 -12 Subsidence (cm) Subsidence -30 -14 -10 -14 -35 Subsidence -16 -16 (1).1993/10/03-1995/09/07 351 704 Subsidence -40 -18 -12 Subsidence rate Subsidence rate -18 -45 -20 -14 -20 February 2000 – November 2001 November 2001 - July 2002 (2).1995/09/07-1995/10/21 707 44 BNJR BJNS CMHI DYHK MJL1 RCK2 UJBR GDBG KPO1 KPO2 MJL2 BM9L BM13L BM18L BM19L 0 0 (3).1995/10/21-1998/09/15 641 1056 -2 -2 Subsidence rate (mm/month) rate Subsidence • In general, -4 -4 -6 the subsidence rate is -6 (4).1997/01/03-1997/05/15 87 132 -8 about 2-20 mm/month, -8 -10 -10 or about 2-24 cm/year. Subsidence (cm) Subsidence -12 -12 -14 -14 Subsidence -16 • Subsidence has spatial JERS-1/SAR data, processed using VEXCEL 3D SAR Processor -16 Subs idence rate -18 and temporal variations. -18 -20 July 2002 – June 2003 Hirose & Maruyama, 2003 Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2003 2 Result of InSAR Processing (1) Result of InSAR Processing (2) (1993 - 1995) (1995 - 1998) (1993-1997) (1997-1998) 030 030 Hirose & Maruyama, 2003 Hirose & Maruyama, 2003 Annual Leveling Technique Subsidence Rates from InSAR STRENGTHS 10 cm/year (1993-95) • very precise height differences. 6 cm/year (1995-98) • can flexibly handle a relatively dense and crowded urban area. Good correspondence • benchmarks can also be easily located. with the results from • data processing is not complicated. Leveling and GPS Surveys. CONTRAINTS • relatively slow and time consuming in its execution. • dependent on time, weather and also condition of traffic and human activities along the leveling routes. Leveling (1982-1997) and InSAR results. • connection to to the stable benchmark ? Hirose & Maruyama, 2003 Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2004 GPS Survey Technique InSAR Technique STRENGTHS STRENGTHS • unique datum effective to monitor land subsidence in a relatively large area; • provide accurate subsidence information on • relatively consistent precision in temporal a more continuous spatial domain. and spatial domain. • can give more insights into characteristics • more flexible field operation (day and night, of subsidence phenomena in a regional sense. independent of weather condition) • more Radar satellites on space. CONTRAINTS CONTRAINTS • signal obstructions and/or multipath caused by high rise • required radar images, processing software and building, housing, trees and/or billboards. expertise to process the images. • development activities inside the urban areas which • time frames for studying land subsidence ? sometimes destroy or alter the observation monuments. • dense vegetation and dynamic atmospheric condition ? • precise data processing skill is required. Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2004 Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2004 3 Closing Remarks Terima Kasih Thank You Many things still have to be done for studying and monitoring land subsidence phenomena in the urban areas of Indonesia Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2004 RMS of Differential Ellipsoidal Heights (dh) STANDARD DEVIATIONS OF ESTIMATED ELLIPSOIDAL HEIGHTS 40 Software : Bernesse 4.2 Survey-1 35 Survey-2 35 30 Survey-3 Ambiguity float Survey-1 Standard deviation of Survey-4 solutions, lack 30 (relative) ellipsoidal height in mm 25 Survey-5 of data due to obstructions Survey-6 25 Land Subsidence in Bandung 20 Survey-7 Land Subsidence in Jakarta 20 15 15 Standard Deviation (mm) 10 10 Survey-2, Survey-3 and Survey-4 Standard deviation (mm) 5 5 0 0 1 3 5 7 9 11131517192123 Observed stations (4 GPS surveys) GPS Stations Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2003 Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2003 4.