MINISTRY OF EDUCATION VIETNAM ACADEMY OF AND TRAINING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY GRADUATE UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ----------------------------- Nguyen Xuan Quyen STUDY ON TAXONOMY OF CASHEW FAMILY (ANACARDIACEAE R. Br.) IN VIETNAM Major: Botany Code: 9.42.01.11 SUMMARY OF BIOLOGY DOCTORAL THESIS Hanoi, 2021 The thesis is completed at: GRADUATE UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Supervisors: 1. Tran Thi Phuong Anh Ph.D. 2. Nguyen The Cuong Ph.D. Examination board Commenter 1: Commenter 2: Commenter 3: This doctoral thesis will be defended at the GUST-level Board of Examiner at Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology at ......... on ........./......... /……. This doctoral thesis can be found at: - National Library of Vietnam - Library of Gradute Univesity of Science and Technology INTRODUCTION 1. Rationale for the study Vietnam is located in the tropical monsoon climate, geographic location with complex terrain and many different ecological regions, so the flora is very diverse and rich. From the late 18th century up to now, there have been many studies on plant taxonomy in our country, including new research results that have contributed to the necessary scientific basis for a number of related fields such as: conservation of biodiversity, ecology, agriculture, forestry, medicine, ... and management such as planning, building economic development, ... In the world, there are many completed and systematic work on plant taxonomy, which are the National Floras. That is the most up-to-date document on the specimen and latest information, using the modern methods of plants classification in each country, ... In Vietnam, 21 volumes The Flora of Vietnam have been published (2000- 2017), which included 3639 species, 665 genera belonging to 57 families of plant. These are basic scientific achievements of great significance and value in socio- economic development for the country. In the flora of Vietnam, although the Cashew family (Anacardiaceae) do not comprise many species. But it comprises a lot of species with high economic and valuable in use (timber tree, eatable fruits, medicine, latex for paint, oil and fat,...). Up to now, there have been a number of works on taxonomy of the Cashew family, however there are certain limitations, due to not timely updating of information, lack of specimens, incomplete and system. Therefore, the thesis topic "Study on taxonomy of Cashew family (Anacardiaceae R. Br.) in Vietnam" is a work with content meeting the urgent requirements of compiling the Cashew family in the Flora of Vietnam that contribute to the current socio-economic development of the country. 2. The purpose of the thesis topic Completely and systematic study of taxonomy of the Cashew family (Anacardiaceae) in Vietnam, based on evidence of morphology and molecular biology, as a scientific basis for the compilation of Flora of Vietnam about Anacardiaceae in Vietnam. 3. Scientific and practical significance of the thesis topic Scientific significance: Research results supplement and complete the scientific research on taxonomic of the Cashew family (Anacardiaceae) in Vietnam, contributing to the compilation of Flora of Vietnam about Anacardiaceae. Practical significance: Research results serve as a scientific basis for some of related subjects such as forestry, pharmacology, plant resources, biodiversity, ... and training purposes. 4. Structure of the thesis The thesis consists of 150 pages, 9 tables, 80 pictures, 128 photos (123 species), 32 maps. 1 The thesis consists of parts: Introduction (2 pages); Chapter 1. Literature review (29 pages); Chapter 2. Objects, content and research method (8 pages); Chapter 3. Research results and discussion (104 pages); Conclusion, recommendations, and new points of the thesis (2 pages); List of tables (9 tables); List of photos (123 photos); List of pictures (80 pictures); List of maps (32 maps); List of abbreviations (1 page); List of abbreviations of herbaria (2 pages); List of thesis related publications (1 paper); References (8 papers); Lookup table scientific name; Lookup table in Vietnamese name; Appendix 1. Color photos of morphological characteristics of Anacardiaceae in Vietnam (45 photos); Appendix 2. Standard sample photo of Anacardiaceae in Vietnam (39 photos); Appendix 3: Sample image of research of Anacardiaceae in Vietnam (39 photos); Appendix 4: Map of distribution of species of Anacardiaceae family in Vietnam (32 maps); Appendix 5: List of Anacardiaceae family species in Vietnam for genetic sequencing and gene sequencing data (ITS) (17 pages). CHAPTER 1. LITERATURE REVIEW 1.1. The taxonomic position of the Anacardiaceae in the Magnoliophyta classification system Since its establishment (1818) by R. Brown, Anacardiaceae has been changed its position in the classification systems. At first, some authors considered Anacardiaceae to be independent or including Burseraceae. However, the view of Anacardiaceae as an independent family has been confirmed and placed in Magnoliopsida, belonging Magnoliophyta. Some authors classify Anacardicaceae belonging to Rutales, but most classify this family into Sapindales. 1.2. The systems of Anacardiaceae in the world and the surrounding areas with Vietnam 1.2.1. The ystems of Anacardiaceae in the world The authors divided Anacardiaceae directly to genera: Linnaeus (1753) was the first author to classify and describe 14 species belonging to three genera Mangifera, Rhus and Anacardium. P. Browne (1756) added genus Comocladia; genus Astronium, genus Gluta were supplemented by J. Jacquin (1760) and Linneaus (1771) and many other authors added more genera. The authors divided the Anacardiaceae directly to tribus: G. Bentham & J. D. Hooker (1887) based on the number of locular of ovary dividing the Anacaediaceae into 2 tribus and 46 genera: tribute Anacardieae (1 locular) comprises 35 genera; and tribute Spondieae (2-5 locular) comprises 11 genera. A. Engler (1892) based on the morphology of flowers, fruits, stamens and ovules divided into 5 tribus: Anacardieae, Spondieae, Rhoideae, Semecarpeae and Dobineeae. A. Engler (1896, 1903) based on anatomical form, detailed description, complete drawings, dividing this family into 5 tribus, 58 genera: Trib. 1. Mangiferae (ovary 5 separate locular), Trib. 2. Spondieae: (ovary 4-5 locular), Trib. 3. Rhoideae (ovary 3 separate locular), Trib. 4. Semecarpeae (ovary 3 clocular) and Trib. 5. Dobineeae (ovary 1 locular). 2 Melchior (1964) based on the Engler’s System dividing Anacardiaceae into 5 tribus: Anacardieae, Spondieae, Rhoideae, Semecarpeae and Dobineae. V. H. Heywood (1996) divided Anacardiaceae into 4 tribus: Trib. 1. Anacardieae (ovary 5 locular, detached, leaf pinnately compound or 1 locular, leaves simple) has 8 genera; Trib. 2. Spondieae (ovary 4-5 locular) has 21 genera; Trib. 3. Semecarpeae (ovary inferior, 3 locular) has 6 genera and Trib. 4. Rhoideae (ovary superior, 3 locular) has 42 genera. So there are 3 authors divided into 4-5 Tribus, only 1 author divided into 2 Tribus. The authors divide Anacardiaceae family into subfamily and tribus A. Takhtajan (1996) divided Anacardiaceae into 4 subfamilies: Subfam. 1. Anacardioideae: (ovary with 5 locular or 1 locular, simple leaf); Subfam. 2. Spondioideae (ovary with 3-5 locular or 1 locular, pinnately compound leaf); Subfam. 3. Juliannioideae (ovary with 1 locular, flower reduced). A. Takhtajan (2009) recorded Anacardiaceae with 78 genera, and about 900 species, which was divided into 4 subfamilies: Subfam. 1. Anacardioideae (5 free carpels or 1 carpel, simple leaf); Subfam. 2. Spondioideae (3-5 united carpels, pinnately compound leaf) with 3 tribus (Spondieae, Rhoeae and Semecarpeae); Subfam. 3. Juliannioideae (ovary with 1 locular, 1 ovule, flower reduced); Subfam. 4. Pistacioideae (3 united carpels, 2 carpels reduced, ovary 1 locular, 12 ovules). S. K. Pell & al. (2011) divided Anacardiaceae in to two subfamilies: Subfam. 1. Anacardioideae (fruits sometimes with wings, ovary 1-3-5 locular) comprises 61 genera; Subfam. 2. Spondioideae (fruits with wings, ovary 4-5 locular) comprises 20 genera. There are also some of other authors divided into subfamilies according to the above point of view, such as Gundersen (1950), Cronquist (1981), Wannan (1986), Thorne (1992), Pell & al. (2001, 2004) ... 1.2.2. Study on classification of Anacardiaceae in surrounding areas with Vietnam Ding Hou (1978) divided the family Anacardiaceae in Malesia into 4 tribus, 22 genera; T. L. Ming (1980) divided Anacardiaceae in China into 5 tribus and 17 genera; J. D. Hooker & C. B. Clarke (1876, 1879) dividesd Anacardiaceae in India into 2 tribus, 21 genera; H. Lecomte (1908) divided Anacardiaceae in Indochina into 9 genera, 13 species; Tardieu - Blot (1962) divided Anacardiaceae in Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam into 12 genera, 18 species; Hui-Lin Li (1993) divided Anacardiaceae in Taiwan into 4 genera, 9 species; A. Backer and R. C. Bakhuizen (1965) divied Anacardiaceae in Java (Indonesia) into 13 genera, 26 species; A. S. George and D. J. Du Puy (1993) studied in Australia with 3 genera with 3 species; F. Likuo & H. Tao (2001) studied in China with 16 genera, 43 species; in Yunnan (China) according to one author (1991) there are 13 genera with 31 species; K. Chayanarit (2010) divided Anacardiaceae in Thailand into 19 genera, 65 species;… 3 Study on classification of Anacardiaceae in Vietnam J. Loureiro (1790) was the first author who study on taxonomy of Anacardiaceae in