The McNair Scholars Journal of the University of Washington Volume XI Spring 2012 THE MCNAIR SCHOLARS JOURNAL UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON McNair Program Office of Minority Affairs & Diversity University of Washington 171 Mary Gates Hall Box 352803 Seattle, WA 98195-2803 [email protected] http://depts.washington.edu/uwmcnair/ The Ronald E. McNair Postbaccalaureate Achievement Program operates as a part of TRiO Programs, which are funded by the U.S. Department of Education. Cover Design by Brooke Cassell & Issa Abdulcadir University of Washington McNair Program St a f f Program Director Gabriel Gallardo, Ph.D. Associate Director Gene Kim, Ph.D. Program Coordinator Rosa Ramirez Graduate Student Advisors Issa Abdulcadir Brooke A. Cassell McNair Scholars’ Research Mentors Dr. Jennifer M. Bean, Comparative Literature Dr. Enrique C. Bonus, American Ethnic Studies Dr. Tamara N. Cooper, Comparative Literature Dr. Nathan J. Fast, Business Dr. Brian D. Flinn, Materials Science & Engineering Dr. Ricardo Gomez, Information School Dr. Anthony G. Greenwald, Psychology Dr. Tracy W. Harachi, School of Social Work Dr. Kacy McKinney, Geography Dr. Biren (Ratnesh) Nagda, School of Social Work Dr. Robert Richards, Economics Dr. Ileana M. Rodriguez-Silva, History Dr. Patrick S. Stayton, Bioengineering Dr. Wadiya A. Udell, Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences Dr. Charity L. Urbanski, History Dr. Manka M. Varghese, Education Dr. George Wallerstein, Physics, Astronomy Dr. Paul Yager, Bioengineering Dr. Glennys J. Young, History Volume XI Copyright 2012 ii From the Vice President and Vice Provost for Diversity One of the great delights of higher education is that it provides young scholars an opportunity to pursue research in a field that interests and engages them. The McNair Scholars Program offers support and opportunity for students to pursue scholarly research, and The McNair Scholars Journal plays an important part in that support by publishing their results. The Office of Minority Affairs and Diversity is pleased to publish the eleventh edition of The McNair Scholars Journal of the University of Washington. The McNair Scholars Program offers opportunities to a diverse group of students—students who may not otherwise get the chance to work closely with a faculty mentor on in-depth research. The young scholars who participate in the McNair program are among the most motivated and dedicated undergraduates at the UW. Their hard work and accomplishments put them in a position to succeed in graduate school. The McNair Scholars Journal plays an important part in the career of these young scholars by publishing their research at an early stage. Please join me in thanking the faculty, staff and students who came together and made this journal possible. Sheila Edwards Lange, Ph.D. Vice President for Minority Affairs Vice Provost for Diversity iii From the Director I am very pleased to present the eleventh edition of the University of Washington’s McNair Scholars Journal to our reading audience. The collective excellence of these seventeen projects is a testament to the hard work of our students and the unwavering support of faculty mentors who supervised these projects. As always, I want to extend my gratitude to the faculty, whose guidance and support has allowed our students to grow in meaningful ways, while giving our scholars the foundation to enter graduate school with confidence and solid research experience. The McNair Program at the University of Washington strives to create meaningful academic experiences that will enable our students to succeed at the next level. The research component for McNair Scholars has two specific goals: First, engage students in the research enterprise at the undergraduate level so they develop the analytical and methodological skills, academic sophistication, and confidence that will make them successful students in graduate school. Second, provide students a unique opportunity to publish their undergraduate research, so the scholars gain an early understanding of the critical role that publishing will play in their academic careers. In this respect, the McNair Journal is a key component in the preparation of our scholars for careers in research and teaching. Our journal involves the work of several people who work behind the scenes proofreading, editing and preparing the final draft for publication. I would like to extend my appreciation to the UW McNair staff, Dr. Gene Kim, Associate Director, Rosa Ramirez, Program Coordinator, and our graduate student staff, Brooke Cassell and Issa Abdulcadir, for their commitment to the McNair mission and for bringing this project to completion. They are an asset to the program and have been instrumental in preparing this high quality journal. On behalf of the entire McNair Staff, I sincerely hope that you enjoy reading the eleventh edition of the McNair Scholars Journal. Dr. Gabriel E. Gallardo Director, McNair Program Associate Vice President for Student Services and Academic Support Programs, Office of Minority Affairs iv From the Dean of the Graduate School It is a privilege to introduce the eleventh volume of The McNair Scholars Journal. This publication contains papers comprising an impressive spectrum of disciplines and representing the depth and potential of scholarship which the UW offers. The work of the McNair Scholars in this volume is absorbing, eloquent and impassioned—and all of us affiliated with the program (the Scholars, their faculty advisors, the McNair Program staff, and the Graduate School) should be proud of their work. As you are aware, the McNair Scholars Program honors the memory and achievement of the late Dr. Ronald E. McNair, the physicist and NASA astronaut. Its goal is to encourage young women and men to emulate his academic and professional accomplishments. One of the McNair Program's goals is to encourage students who have been disadvantaged in their pursuit of academic excellence to attain not only a baccalaureate degree, but to continue a career in graduate education, culminating—we hope—in a doctoral degree. The leadership, faculty and staff of the UW keenly believe that graduate education is much more than a private benefit for individuals—it profoundly serves the public good by educating people who can promote the shared ideals of our nation. A strong democracy depends on advanced-degree holders who can address the complex demands of 21st century society. As a public institution, the UW has a responsibility to prepare future leaders— such as the McNair Scholars—who, after they earn their advanced degrees, will be called upon to solve problems and enhance quality of life, both locally and globally. Hence, the Graduate School is honored to partner with this program and with the UW Office of Minority Affairs & Diversity. Please join me in recognizing and thanking all of our McNair Scholars and mentors for creating a robust, vibrant intellectual community at the UW. These young future professors, leaders and policy makers epitomize the talent and intellect which no doubt will have global import, and will provide crucial leadership in an increasingly complex and changing world. Dr. Gerald J. Baldasty Vice Provost and Dean of The Graduate School Professor, Communication Adjunct Professor, Women Studies, American Ethnic Studies v Journal Disclaimer While the McNair Program Staff has made every effort to assure a high degree of accuracy, rigor and quality in the content of this journal, the interpretations and conclusions found within each essay are those of the authors alone and not the McNair Program. Any errors or omission are strictly the responsibility of each author. vi THE MCNAIR SCHOLARS JOURNAL of the University of Washington Volume XI Spring 2012 Contents Food Access In South Park: Framing and Solutions for Food 1 Insecurity Teresa Bailey Together But Unequal: Contemporary College 19 Experiences of African and African American Students Brukab Sisay Racial Tokenism in Graduate Education: Narratives of 37 African American Women Sharece Corner Public Access Computing in South Africa: Old Lessons and 43 New Challenges Bryan Dosono Fracture Resistance of Internal Connection Zirconia Implant 59 Abutments Chastity Dunlap Vasa: Navigating an Ocean of Pacific Islander Knowledge 73 Nestor Tupufia Enguerra Jr. Kumaon Khoj (Discovering Kumaon): An Anthology 85 of Kumaon Experiences Melissa Espinoza Metal Abundance Calibration of the Ca II triplet in RR 101 Lyrae Stars Thomas Gomez Power Increases Pressure to Demonstrate Fairness 113 Albert Han Understanding the Mechanics of a Prudent Financial 123 Statement within Islamic Banking and Finance Muhammed Y. Idris vii Influence of Historical Trauma on Developmental Pathways 141 for American Indian and Alaska Native Youth Jessica Lusk Continuity through Conquest: William the Conqueror’s 161 Appropriation of Anglo-Saxon Methodologies of Rule Dustin Neighly The Digital Revolution: Disability and Social Media 179 Monica Olsson Rice or Cornbread :The Slave at the Dinner Table, Exploring 203 African American Foodways Venetia Ponds Quantitative Measurement of Flow in Two-Dimensional 217 Paper Networks Phillip Poonka Identifying Root Sources for the Detroit Public Schools 245 Education Crisis: An Examination of the Evidence Malaika Robinson Radical Politics and Emotional Liberation: Thane Summers’ 257 Road to the Spanish Civil War Zachary Ramos Smith viii Food Access in South Park: Framing and Solutions for Food Insecurity Teresa Bailey Abstract The background research conducted focuses on food deserts, the health