The relationship between leadership style and time management in senior and middle nursing managers 26 La relación entre el estilo de liderazgo y la gestión del tiempo en gerentes de enfermería de nivel superior y medio Mahnaz Rakhshan1 (phd), Khatereh Rostami2 (phd), Elahe Setoodegan3, Jamshid Eslami4* 1Associated professor .Community Based ychiatric Care Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. 2Assistant professor .Community Based Psychiatric Care Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. 3Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran& Clinical supervisor, Beheshti hospital, Social Security Organization, Shiraz, Iran. 4Department of Surgical Technologists, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. *corresponding author: JamshidEslami, Department of Surgical Technologists, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Corresponding Author EMAIL: [email protected] Background and research: Leadership styles are catego- Antecedentes e investigación: los estilos de liderazgo rized in different ways, and time management as one of se clasifican de diferentes maneras, y la gestión del tiem- Abstract the determinants of leadership success is of great impor- po como uno de los factores determinantes del éxito del tance. This study aimed to investigate the relationship be- Resumen liderazgo es de gran importancia. Este estudio tuvo como tween the dominant leadership style of nursing managers objetivo investigar la relación entre el estilo de liderazgo and their use of time management skills. dominante de los gerentes de enfermería y su uso de las habilidades de gestión del tiempo. Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive study. The population of the study consisted of 485 senior and Materiales y Métodos: Este fue un estudio descriptivo. middle managers of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, La población del estudio consistió en 485 gerentes de among which 182 were selected by simple random sam- categoría media y media de la Universidad de Ciencias pling method. In this research, three separate questioner Médicas de Shiraz, de los cuales 182 fueron selecciona- consist of demographic information questionnaires, the dos mediante un método de muestreo aleatorio simple. leadership style of Bass and Avolio managers and the time En esta investigación, tres encuestadores independientes management of Nazem questionnaire were used. consisten en cuestionarios de información demográfica, se utilizaron el estilo de liderazgo de los gerentes de Bass Findings: Most of the research units leadership style con- y Avolio y el cuestionario de gestión del tiempo de Nazem. sist of task oriented, then humanistic and then non-inter- ventional. The task-oriented leadership style at the signifi- Resultados: La mayoría del estilo de liderazgo de las uni- cance level of 0.05 has the strongest correlation with time dades de investigación consiste en tareas orientadas, lue- management, but the non-intervention leadership style is go humanistas y luego no intervencionistas. El estilo de li- not correlated with time management. derazgo orientado a la tarea en el nivel de significancia de 0.05 tiene la correlación más fuerte con la administración Conclusion: Managers need to pay more attention to del tiempo, pero el estilo de liderazgo sin intervención no time management because their ability to gain individual está correlacionado con la administración del tiempo. skills in managing time has a positive effect on organiza- tional skills and as a result of increasing organizational Conclusión: los gerentes deben prestar más atención a productivity. la administración del tiempo porque su capacidad para adquirir habilidades individuales en la administración del Keywords: leadership styles; time management; nursing tiempo tiene un efecto positivo en las habilidades de la managers. organización y como resultado del aumento de la produc- tividad de la organización. Palabras clave: estilos de liderazgo; gestión del tiempo; gerentes de enfermería. www.revhipertension.com Revista Latinoamericana de Hipertensión. Vol. 14 - Nº 1, 2019 management (Borron, Stephen W., et al. 2017). Nowa- days, time management, as a factor determining the suc- cess, has become increasingly important, and acquiring relevant skills by managers has become more evident than before (Meng, 2017). Time management was introduced he subject of guidance and leadership in man- by Macan in the late 1950s. This method involves skills Introduction agement knowledge has always been interwo- to meet short-term goals, the way of implementing and ven with human social life. Leadership, as one achieving these goals quickly, the way of prioritizing and of the five main tasks of managers, means influencing the planning the work, and the way of preventing lag in the subordinates so that they voluntarily perform pre-defined works (Ayun, 2017). Experts believe that the implemen- activities within the framework of certain goals (Bakh- tation of time management is one of the requirements sheshi, 2013). Accordingly, organizations seek for effec- for the effectiveness of managers. Locket (1994) consid- tive leaders in order to perform the affairs effectively. Tak- ers time management as key for self-control and effec- ing specific responsibilities and roles, they demonstrate tiveness (Kucur C, Özbay İ, Topuz MF, Erdoğan O, Oğhan 27 the values of the organization (Yaghubi, 2009). One of F, Güvey A, et al. 2017). Moreover, other experts doing the key roles and responsibilities of nursing managers research especially in field of time management, such as is nursing leadership in clinical settings. Nursing profes- Mackenzie, Lakein and Haynes believe that the most im- sion, as any other profession, requires applying necessary portant and precious asset of an organization is its em- changes and coordination in care of people with new ployees and their most valuable asset is the time (Cortina, knowledge and technology. Nursing management can 2015, Zafrula, 2016 and Roshnow, 2011). solve many work environment problems by using man- Thus, time is among the resources that will make major agement principles; otherwise, the quality and skill of changes in all organizational structures, if used properly. nursing managers in providing community-based health- In this regard, we should not ignore the role of organiza- care services will be reduced (Danham, 2014). Leadership tions’ leaders with different types of leadership styles for is essential for nursing, since it will allow nurses create an management of time. The goal of time management is to environment in the organization progressing towards pos- avoid waste of time and to give order for working time, itive change and eliminating the health challenges (Chery, specify the needs and demands, categorize them based 2016). Leadership theories are developed based on differ- on the priorities, and allocate the needed time and re- ent views. Thus, various methods have been proposed for sources for them (Ayun, 2017). The dynamicity of care sys- classifying leadership styles. Jagou (1982) divided all lead- tems and the necessity of continuous interaction with the ership theories into two dimensions of a set of character- external environment also emphasize on the importance istics and a set of behaviors (Jagou, 2015). Clarke divided of acquiring time management skills by nursing manag- the leadership style of managers into three categories of ers. The time issue has particular importance in nursing, task-oriented, human-oriented non-intervention. Human- so that it makes the individual spend much time on nec- oriented leadership is based on emotional relationships essary affairs and avoid duplication. One of the factors between the leader and the subordinates, while the task- causing stress in nursing managers is high work load and oriented leadership stresses on exchanges between the less time. This stress is exacerbated by inappropriate time leader and the subordinates and increasing the motiva- management. Time management skill in different leader- tion of followers. ship styles is crucial to enhance the organizational and individual productivity (Ellis, 2015 and Davidson, 2015). The elements of human-oriented leadership style include As the goal of any hospital is to achieve its goals, man- attraction and charisma, behavior, inspiration, stimulation, ager of each unit should have required skill and ability in and individual considerations. The elements of the prag- addition to accurately applying five specialized manage- matic leadership style include contingency bonus, active ment processes, including planning, organizing, leader- management based on exceptions, and passive manage- ship, monitoring, and evaluation in order to achieve the ment based on exceptions. In non-intervention leadership organizational goals. Four resources of recent resources style, considered as passive leadership style (unlike task- can be investigated in a number of ways, but the invisible oriented and human-oriented which are active leader- resource of time is unique since it is limited and its value ship styles), the leader behaves indifferently in the events cannot be added (Ellis, 2015). Based on what was stated and does not pay attention to the needs of subordinates above, the question is that which styles are used by nurs- (Brigham, 2013). The important point is that no particular ing managers in the leadership of