Canada and ‘Re-engaging’ United Nations Peacekeeping. A Critical Examination. by Daria Goncharova A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of the University of Manitoba in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Department of Political Studies University of Manitoba Winnipeg Copyright © 2018 Daria Goncharova ii Abstract With the advent of Justin Trudeau in 2015, Canada appears to be determined to revitalize its historic role as a peacekeeper. Central is whether Canada truly abandoned UN peacekeeping per se. In order to answer this question, the following needs to be addressed. The first relates to the meaning of UN peacekeeping and the evolution of peacekeeping’s aims, tools, and basic principles, such as consent, impartiality, and the appropriate use of force. The second concerns the role of Canada in UN peacekeeping from 1947 to 2017. Given the nature of UN peacekeeping and Canada’s role from 1947 to 2017, the rhetoric of Trudeau government is confusing. Canada never truly disengaged from UN peacekeeping. Rather, for a variety of reasons, it shifted from UN-led to UN-approved peace operations. If the Trudeau government’s re-engagement means he intends to support UN-led missions rather than UN-approved peace operations in contradiction from the current trend, this has several implications that require careful examination. The final chapter articulates some of these implications. iii Acknowledgments I would like to thank Dr. Jim Fergusson. I appreciate his time, patience, guidance, and support. Thank you so much for helping me improve my writing skills and critical thinking. I am also thankful to Dr. Andrea Charron for her recommendations and valuable comments. I thank the University of Manitoba, especially International Centre, Student Life, and, of course, the Department of Political Studies for all opportunities in which I was involved. I would also like to acknowledge Dr. Reg Urbanowski from the College of Rehabilitation Sciences for the opportunity to work on other research interests. I am grateful to my parents, Evgenia and Stanislav, who believe in me and give me enormous support in all my endeavours. I am very thankful for my mom’s motivational speeches and dad’s encouragement. I would also like to thank my true love, Vinicius, who not only supported and encouraged me but also discussed with me UN peacekeeping and Canada and read my endless drafts. iv Table of Contents Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgments .................................................................................................................. iii List of Acronyms ...................................................................................................................... v List of Tables ........................................................................................................................... xi List of Figures ......................................................................................................................... xii Chapter One ........................................................................................................................... 13 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 13 Chapter Two ........................................................................................................................... 22 United Nations Peacekeeping ................................................................................................ 22 UN Peacekeeping in the Cold War ................................................................................... 23 UN Peace Operations in the Post-Cold War .................................................................... 39 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 64 Chapter Three ........................................................................................................................ 67 Canada and United Nations Peacekeeping .......................................................................... 67 Canada’s Participation in Peace Operations in the UN Frameworks ........................... 68 Canada’s Reorientation in UN Peacekeeping .................................................................. 73 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 84 Chapter Four .......................................................................................................................... 86 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 86 Bibliography ........................................................................................................................... 92 Appendix A ........................................................................................................................... 103 Summary of the Main UN Documents ............................................................................... 103 Appendix B ........................................................................................................................... 105 United Nations and Canadian Uniformed Personnel in UN Peace Operations over the Cold War............................................................................................................................... 105 Appendix C ........................................................................................................................... 120 Peace operations in the UN Framework with Canadian Uniformed Personnel Participation over 1948 - 2017 ............................................................................................ 120 v List of Acronyms AU African Union BINUB United Nations Integrated Office in Burundi CAF Canadian Armed Forces CANLOG Canadian Logistics Company CAR Central African Republic CF Canadian Forces CIDA Canadian International Development Agency CMO Chief Military Observer CP Conflict Prevention DART Disaster Assistance Response Team DCB Defence and Related Security Capacity Building DDR Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration DFAIT Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade DOMREP Representative of the Secretary-General in the Dominican Republic DPKO Department of Peacekeeping Operations DRC Democratic Republic of the Congo ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States EU European Union EU CJA European Union Council Joint Action EUFOR European Union Force in Bosnia and Herzegovina FIB Force Intervention Brigade GNI Gross National Income (GNI) GAC Global Affairs Canada vi HIPPO High-level Independent Panel on UN Peace Operations ICISS International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty IFOR Implementation Force in Bosnia and Herzegovina INTERFET International Force for East Timor IPS International Policy Statement ISAF International Security Assistance Force KFOR Stabilisation Force in Kosovo MFO Multinational Force and Observers MIF-H Multinational Interim Force in Haiti MINUGUA United Nations Verification Mission in Guatemala MINURCA United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic MINURSO United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara MINUSCA United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in the Central African Republic MINUSMA United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali MINUSTAH United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti MIPONUH United Nations Civilian Police Mission in Haiti MONUC United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo MONUSCO United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo MSC Military Staff Committee NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NGO Non-Governmental Organization NEWS No Exit Without Strategy NORAD North American Aerospace Defense Command vii NYU New York University OAU Organization of African Unity ONUC United Nations Operation in the Congo ONUCA United Nations Observer Group in Central America ONUMOZ United Nations Operation in Mozambique ONUSAL United Nations Observer Mission in El Salvador ONUVEH United Nations Observer Group for the Verification of the Elections in Haiti OSCE Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe OSGAP Office of the Secretary-General in Afghanistan and Pakistan PBC Peacebuilding Commission PPC Pearson Peacekeeping Centre PSOP Peace and Stabilization Operations Program (PSOPs) PSTC Peace Support Training Centre R2P Responsibility to Protect SAIS School of Advanced International Studies SMC Senior Management Course SFOR Stabilisation Force in Bosnia and Herzegovina SHIRBRIG Multinational Standby High Readiness Brigade for United Nations Operations SIPRI Stockholm International Peace Research Institute SSR Security Sector Reform START Stabilization and Reconstruction Task Force TCCs Troop-Contributing Countries UCDP Uppsala Conflict Data Program UN United Nations viii UNAMA United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan UNAMET Unated Nations Assistance Mission East Timor UNAMI United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq UNAMIC United Nations Advance Mission in Cambodia UNAMID African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur UNAMIR United Nations Assistance