110th Congress, 2d Session Document No. 14 Committee on Appropriations UNITED STATES SENATE 1867–2008 U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 2008 ‘‘No Money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time. Constitution of the United States—Article I, Section 9 ‘‘This power over the purse may, in fact, be regarded as the most complete and effectual weapon with which any constitution can arm the immediate representatives of the people, for obtaining a redress of every grievance, and for carrying into effect every just and salutary meas- ure.’’ James Madison, Federalist 58 ‘‘The legislative control of the purse is the central pillar—the central pillar—upon which the constitutional temple of checks and balances and separation of powers rests, and if that pillar is shaken, the temple will fall. It is...central to the fundamental liberty of the American peo- ple.’’ Senator Robert C. Byrd, Chairman Senate Appropriations Committee United States Senate Committee on Appropriations ONE HUNDRED TENTH CONGRESS ROBERT C. BYRD, West Virginia, THAD COCHRAN, Mississippi, Ranking Chairman TED STEVENS, Alaska ANIEL NOUYE Hawaii D K. I , ARLEN SPECTER, Pennsylvania ATRICK EAHY Vermont P J. L , PETE V. DOMENICI, New Mexico OM ARKIN Iowa T H , CHRISTOPHER S. BOND, Missouri ARBARA IKULSKI Maryland B A. M , MITCH MCCONNELL, Kentucky ERB OHL Wisconsin H K , RICHARD C. SHELBY, Alabama ATTY URRAY Washington P M , JUDD GREGG, New Hampshire YRON ORGAN North Dakota B L. D , ROBERT F. BENNETT, Utah IANNE EINSTEIN California D F , LARRY CRAIG, Idaho ICHARD URBIN Illinois R J. D , KAY BAILEY HUTCHISON, Texas IM OHNSON South Dakota T J , SAM BROWNBACK, Kansas ARY ANDRIEU Louisiana M L. L , WAYNE ALLARD, Colorado ACK EED Rhode Island J R , LAMAR ALEXANDER, Tennessee FRANK R. LAUTENBERG, New Jersey BEN NELSON, Nebraska CHARLES KIEFFER, Staff Director BRUCE EVANS, Minority Staff Director BLAKE THOMPSON, Minority Deputy Staff Director V Subcommittee Membership, One Hundred Tenth Congress Senator Byrd, as chairman of the Committee, and Senator Cochran, as ranking minority member of the Committee, are ex officio members of all subcommit- tees of which they are not regular members. AGRICULTURE, RURAL DEVEL- FINANCIAL SERVICES AND OPMENT, FOOD AND DRUG GENERAL GOVERNMENT ADMINISTRATION, AND RE- 1 LATED AGENCIES Senators Durbin, Murray, Landrieu, Lautenberg, Nelson, Brownback,2 Senators Kohl,1 Harkin, Dorgan, Bond, Shelby, Allard. (5–4) Feinstein, Durbin, Johnson, Nelson, 2 Reed, Bennett, Cochran, Specter, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND Bond, McConnell, Craig, Brownback. SECURITY (8–7) Senators Byrd,1 Inouye, Leahy, Mi- kulski, Kohl, Murray, Landrieu, Lau- COMMERCE, JUSTICE, SCIENCE, 2 AND RELATED AGENCIES tenberg, Nelson, Cochran, Gregg, Ste- vens, Specter, Domenici, Shelby, Craig, Senators Mikulski,1 Inouye, Leahy, Alexander. (9–8) Kohl, Harkin, Dorgan, Feinstein, 2 Reed, Lautenberg, Shelby, Gregg, Ste- DEPARTMENT OF THE INTE- vens, Domenici, McConnell, RIOR, ENVIRONMENT, AND Hutchison, Brownback, Alexander. (9– RELATED AGENCIES 8) Senators Feinstein,1 Byrd, Leahy, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE Dorgan, Mikulski, Kohl, Johnson, Reed, Nelson, Allard,2 Craig, Stevens, Senators Inouye,1 Byrd, Leahy, Har- Cochran, Domenici, Bennett, Gregg, kin, Dorgan, Durbin, Feinstein, Mi- Alexander. (9–8) kulski, Kohl, Murray, Stevens,2 Coch- ran, Specter, Domenici, Bond, McCon- DEPARTMENTS OF LABOR, nell, Shelby, Gregg, Hutchison. (10–9) HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES, AND EDU- ENERGY AND WATER CATION, AND RELATED DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES Senators Dorgan,1 Byrd, Murray, Senators Harkin,1 Inouye, Kohl, Feinstein, Johnson, Landrieu, Inouye, Murray, Landrieu, Durbin, Reed, Lau- Reed, Lautenberg, Domenici,2 Coch- tenberg, Specter,2 Cochran, Gregg, ran, McConnell, Bennett, Craig, Bond, Craig, Hutchison, Stevens, Shelby. (8– Hutchison, Allard. (9–8) 7) 1 Subcommittee chairman. 2 Ranking minority member. VII LEGISLATIVE BRANCH STATE, FOREIGN OPERATIONS, AND RELATED PROGRAMS Senators Landrieu,1 Durbin, Nelson, Alexander,2 Allard. (3–2) Senators Leahy,1 Inouye, Harkin, Mikulski, Durbin, Johnson, Landrieu, Reed, Gregg,2 McConnell, Specter, MILITARY CONSTRUCTION AND Bennett, Bond, Brownback, Alexander. VETERANS AFFAIRS, AND (8–7) RELATED AGENCIES Senators Johnson,1 Inouye, Landrieu, TRANSPORTATION AND HOUS- Byrd, Murray, Reed, Nelson, ING AND URBAN DEVELOP- Hutchison,2 Craig, Brownback, Allard, MENT, AND RELATED McConnell, Bennett. (7–6) AGENCIES Senators Murray,1 Byrd, Mikulski, Kohl, Durbin, Dorgan, Leahy, Harkin, Feinstein, Johnson, Lautenberg, Bond,2 Shelby, Specter, Bennett, Hutchison, Brownback, Stevens, Domenici, Alex- ander, Allard. (11–10) VIII Contents Page Committee membership, One hundred tenth Congress ..................... V Subcommittee membership, One hundred tenth Congress ................ VII Introduction ....................................................................................... XI A History of the Senate Committee on Appropriations and the Ap- propriations Process in the Senate .................................................. 1 The Budget Cycle .............................................................................. 25 Chairmen of the Senate Committee on Appropriations ...................... 31 Biographies of Committee Chairmen ................................................. 33 Membership of the Committee: By Congress and Session ............................................................ 87 By Subcommittee Memberships ................................................. 131 By State and Term of Service ..................................................... 203 Alphabetical Listing of Members of the Committee .................. 213 The Committee Rooms ...................................................................... 221 Staff Directors to the Committee ....................................................... 225 Standing Rules of the Senate Relating to Appropriations .................. 227 IX S. Res. 438 IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES, January 30, 2008. Resolved, That there be printed with illustrations as a Senate document a compilation of materials entitled ‘‘Committee on Ap- propriations, United States Senate, 1867–2008’’, and that there be printed one thousand five hundred additional copies of such docu- ment for the use of the Committee on Appropriations. Attest: NANCY ERICKSON, Secretary. X Introduction March 6, 2008, marks the 141st anniversary of the creation of the Committee on Appropriations of the United States Senate. In that time, the 289 members of the Committee, led by 25 different chairmen, have helped guide the financial operations of the United States Government through times of war and peace, depression and prosperity, constitutional crisis and political tranquility. The Com- mittee’s work has affected the lives and well-being of every Amer- ican and the welfare of countless millions around the world. The information in this publication will be useful to the mem- bers of the Committee, the Congress generally, and students of Government interested in the development and functioning of the Congressional appropriations process. PREPARED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF HON. ROBERT C. BYRD, CHAIRMAN, COMMITTEE ON APPROPRIATIONS UNITED STATES SENATE 110TH CONGRESS XI A History of the Senate Committee on Appropria- tions and the Appropriations Process in the Senate I. THE FIRST CENTURY AND A HALF: 1789–1946 ‘‘THE POWER OVER THE PURSE’’ The appropriating power of Congress rests upon the authority conferred by Article I, section 9, of the U.S. Constitution: No Money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appro- priations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time. The experiences of the Continental Congress left no doubt in the minds of the Founding Fathers about the importance of plac- ing the ultimate control over funds in the hands of those who were directly responsible to the people. James Madison Federalist Paper No. 58 cited this point succinctly: This power over the purse may, in fact, be regarded as the most complete and effectual weapon with which any constitution can arm the immediate rep- resentatives of the people, for obtaining a redress of every grievance, and for carrying into effect every just and salutary measure. Since adoption of the Constitution, no one has seriously ques- tioned the exclusive right of Congress to appropriate funds or the corollary authority to specify the objects of appropriations and the amounts of specific appropriations. During the 19th and early 20th centuries, however, less agreement existed regarding the de- gree of control that Congress should exercise over appropriations and over expenditures once appropriations had been made. In 1789, the First Congress made the Secretary of the Treasury re- sponsible for compiling and reporting estimates of the public reve- nues and expenditures, but failed to give him the authority to re- view expenditure estimates and to oversee the use of appropria- tions. During the Presidency of George Washington, Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton favored wide executive discre- tion, based on lump-sum congressional appropriations, with the Treasury Secretary having broad authority in his role as a minister of finance and an agent of and adviser to Congress. The adminis- tration of Thomas Jefferson, however, took