Division 44 Environment and Infrastructure Sector project "Transport Policy Advice" Sustainable Transport: A Sourcebook for Policy-makers in Developing Cities Module 3e Car-Free Development OVERVIEW OF THE SOURCEBOOK Sustainable Transport: A Sourcebook for Policy-Makers in Developing Cities What is the Sourcebook? Modules and contributors ThisSourcebook on Sustainable Urban Transport Sourcebook Overview and Cross-cutting Issues of addresses the key areas of a sustainable transport Urban Transport (GTZ) policy framework for a developing city. The Institutional and policy orientation Sourcebook consists of more than 20 modules. 1a. The Role of Transport in Urban Development Who is it for? Policy (Enrique Peñalosa) The Sourcebook is intended for policy-makers in 1b. Urban Transport Institutions (Richard Meakin) developing cities, and their advisors. This target 1c. Private Sector Participation in Transport Infra- audience is reflected in the content, which structure Provision provides policy tools appropriate for application (Christopher Zegras, MIT) in a range of developing cities. 1d. Economic Instruments How is it supposed to be used? (Manfred Breithaupt, GTZ) The Sourcebook can be used in a number of 1e. Raising Public Awareness about Sustainable ways. It should be kept in one location, and the Urban Transport (Karl Fjellstrom, GTZ) different modules provided to officials involved Land use planning and demand management in urban transport. The Sourcebook can be easily 2a. Land Use Planning and Urban Transport adapted to fit a formal short course training (Rudolf Petersen, Wuppertal Institute) event, or can serve as a guide for developing a 2b. Mobility Management (Todd Litman, VTPI) curriculum or other training program in the area of urban transport. GTZ is elaborating Transit, walking and cycling training packages for selected modules, being 3a. Mass Transit Options available since October 2004. (Lloyd Wright, University College London; What are some of the key features? Karl Fjellstrom, GTZ) The key features of the Sourcebook include: 3b. Bus Rapid Transit A practical orientation, focusing on best (Lloyd Wright, University College London) practices in planning and regulation and, 3c. Bus Regulation & Planning (Richard Meakin) where possible, successful experience in 3d. Preserving and Expanding the Role of Non- developing cities. motorised Transport (Walter Hook, ITDP) Contributors are leading experts in their fields. 3e. Car-Free Development An attractive and easy-to-read, colour layout. (Lloyd Wright, University College London) Non-technical language (to the extent Vehicles and fuels possible), with technical terms explained. Updates via the Internet. 4a. Cleaner Fuels and Vehicle Technologies How do I get a copy? (Michael Walsh; Reinhard Kolke, Umweltbundesamt – UBA) Please visit http://www.sutp.org or http://www. gtz.de/transport for details on how to order a 4b. Inspection & Maintenance and Roadworthiness copy. The Sourcebook is not sold for profit. Any (Reinhard Kolke, UBA) charges imposed are only to cover the cost of 4c. Two- and Three-Wheelers(Jitendra Shah, printing and distribution. You may also order World Bank; N.V. Iyer, Bajaj Auto) via [email protected]. 4d. Natural Gas Vehicles (MVV InnoTec) Comments or feedback? 4e. Intelligent Transport Systems (Phil Sayeg, TRA; We would welcome any of your comments or Phil Charles, University of Queensland) suggestions, on any aspect of the Sourcebook, by 4f. EcoDriving (VTL; Manfred Breithaupt, e-mail to [email protected], or by surface mail to: Oliver Eberz, GTZ) Manfred Breithaupt Environmental and health impacts GTZ, Division 44 5a. Air Quality Management (Dietrich Schwela, P. O. Box 5180 World Health Organization) 65726 Eschborn 5b. Urban Road Safety (Jacqueline Lacroix, DVR; Germany David Silcock, GRSP) Further modules and resources 5c. Noise and its Abatement Further modules are anticipated in the areas of (Civic Exchange Hong Kong; GTZ; UBA) Financing Urban Transport and Benchmarking. Additional resources are being developed, and an Resources Urban Transport Photo CD-ROM is available. 6. Resources for Policy-makers (GTZ) Module 3e Car-Free Development Findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this document are based on infor- mation gathered by GTZ and its consultants, partners, and contributors from reliable sources. GTZ does not, however, guarantee the accuracy or completeness of information in this document, and cannot be held responsible for any errors, omissions, or losses which emerge from its use. Author: Lloyd Wright (Gakushin Fellow) Osaka University / University College London About the author Editor: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Lloyd Wright is currently conducting transport Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH P. O. Box 5180 planning research as a Gakushin Fellow at 65726 Eschborn, Germany Osaka University. Mr. Wright formerly directed http://www.gtz.de the Latin American activities of the Institute for Division 44, Environment and Infrastructure Transportation & Development Policy (ITDP). Sector Project "Transport Policy Advice" Additionally, Mr. Wright has worked with the Commissioned by International Institute for Energy Conserva- Bundesministerium für wirtschaftliche tion (IIEC), the US Environmental Protection Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung (BMZ) Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 40 Agency (USEPA), the US Agency for Interna- 53113 Bonn, Germany tional Development (USAID), the United Na- http://www.bmz.de tions, and Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Manager: Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) on transport and Manfred Breithaupt environmental issues. He was also previously a Editing: fellow with the US-Asia Environmental Part- Manfred Breithaupt nership in Bangkok, Thailand. Mr. Wright is Cover photo: currently completing a PhD in Urban Transport Lloyd Wright Planning at University College London. He also Car-free street in Oyumino (Chiba City), Japan; April 2005 possesses an MSc in Environmental Assessment from the London School of Economics, an MBA Layout: from Georgetown University, and a BSc in Engi- Klaus Neumann, SDS, G.C. neering from the University of Washington. Eschborn, September 2005 i Preface "Imagination is more important than knowledge. demonstrating that life without the car is not as Knowledge is limited. Imagination encircles the unimaginable as once thought. world." The first part of Car-Free Development docu- —Albert Einstein (1879–1955) ment sets out the current state of urban quality Imagine streets filled with the chatter of chil- in developing-nation cities and notes the on-go- dren, neighbours, and friends. Imagine cities ing trends. The second part defines many of the that are as much playgrounds as they are homes, most common types of car-free development shops, and offices. Imagine your neighbourhood and provides an array of examples from both as simultaneously a park, a garden, a work and developed- and developing-nation cities. The education centre, and a holiday destination. third part provides an outline of the steps to Image a vibrant and economically-successful plan and develop a car-free project. Part four community. Imagine being able to walk or continues the project development process by bicycle just about everywhere. Imagine places presenting some different design options. Part where the only noise is the human voice and the five then briefly outlines some of the different air is pure to the eyes and nose. And most of all, strategies for promoting a car-free project. Part imagine a city with no cars. six of the document describes how to evaluate For much of the world, such ideas are unim- the impacts from such projects. Finally, a listing aginable. Our cities have long succumbed to of car-free reference materials is also provided. motorised life. However, the imagination of a Car-Free Development is intended as a resource few visionary individuals has led to a reappraisal document for local government officials and po- of what is possible. Car-Free Development en- litical leaders. However, the contents also hold compasses a range of ideas that places humans much relevance to non-governmental organisa- before cars and stresses a new urban order based tions, community-based groups, and concerned first on quality of life. individuals. Without the active participation This Car-Free Development module attempts to of citizen groups in this process, few car-free summarise the myriad of activities and lessons projects will be realisable. learned to date from cities seeking an alternative This Car-Free Development module is part of a to motorised development. There is no evidence broader package of resources available to de- to suggest that the internal combustion engine veloping-nation decision-makers. However, the will be disappearing from the planet anytime document is perhaps as relevant to developed soon. Despite concerns over global climate nations as it is to the developing world. When change and depleting fossil fuel stocks, the car it comes to public space and car-free environ- is seemingly intricately embedded into modern ments, there are few places in the world that are life. However, a few cities and communities are truly developed. ii Preface Further, the wealthiest nations have a special responsibility with regard to global fuel security and the potential consequences of global cli- mate change. Due to the geographic position of many developing nations, these countries will likely bear the brunt of extreme weather events. The developing world will thus likely be the victims of climate change rather than the perpe- trators. Until