_____________________________________________________________ Volume 21 October 2006 Number 2 _____________________________________________________________ Editor John Miles Foley Managing Editor Holly Hobbs Associate Editor John Zemke Editorial Assistants IT Manager Andrew Porter Jamie Stephens Peter Ramey David Collier Slavica Publishers, Inc. For a complete catalog of books from Slavica, with prices and ordering information, write to: Slavica Publishers, Inc. Indiana University 2611 E. 10th St. Bloomington, IN 47408-2603 www.slavica.com/journals/oraltradition/oraltradition.html ISSN: 0883-5365 Each contribution copyright 2006 by its author. All rights reserved. The editor and the publisher assume no responsibility for statements of fact or opinion by the authors. Oral Tradition (www.oraltradition.org/ot/) seeks to provide a comparative and interdisciplinary focus for studies in oral tradition and related fields by publishing research and scholarship on the creation, transmission, and interpretation of all forms of oral traditional expression. As well as essays treating certifiably oral traditions, OT presents investigations of the relationships between oral and written traditions, as well as brief accounts of important fieldwork, and occasional transcriptions and translations of oral texts. In addition, issues will include the annual Albert Lord and Milman Parry Lecture on Oral Tradition. Submissions should follow the list-of reference format (style sheet available on request) and may be sent via e-mail ([email protected]) or snail-mail; all quotations of primary materials must be made in the original language(s) with following English translations. Most contributions will be reviewed by at least one specialist reader and one member of the editorial board before a final decision is reached. Oral Tradition appears twice per year, in March and October. To enter a subscription, please contact Slavica Publishers at the address given above. All manuscripts and editorial correspondence should be addressed to the editor, John Miles Foley, Center for Studies in Oral Tradition, 65 McReynolds Hall, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA. Printed in the United States of America. EDITORIAL BOARD Mark C. Amodio Joseph J. Duggan Vassar College Univ. of Cal./Berkeley Old and Middle English French, Spanish, comparative Patricia Arant Alan Dundes () Brown University Univ. of Cal./Berkeley Russian Folklore Samuel Armistead Mark W. Edwards University of California/Davis Stanford University Hispanic, comparative Ancient Greek Richard Bauman Ruth Finnegan Indiana University Open University Folklore, Theory African, South Pacific Dan Ben-Amos Thomas Hale University of Pennsylvania Penn. State University Folklore African Mary Ellen Brown Lee Haring Indiana University Brooklyn College, CUNY Folklore, Balladry African Chogjin Joseph Harris Chinese Academy Harvard University of Social Sciences Old Norse Mongolian, Chinese Bridget Connelly Lauri Harvilahti University of Cal./Berkeley University of Helsinki Arabic Russian, Finnish, Altai Robert P. Creed Lauri Honko () Univ. of Mass./Amherst Turku University Old English, Comparative Comparative Epic Robert Culley Dell Hymes McGill University University of Virginia Biblical Studies Native American, Linguistics Thomas DuBois Martin Jaffee University of Wisconsin Hebrew Bible Scandinavian Univ. of Washington EDITORIAL BOARD Minna Skafte Jensen Shelly Fenno Quinn Odense University Ohio State University Ancient Greek, Latin Japanese Werner Kelber Burton Raffel Rice University Univ. of Southwestern Biblical Studies Louisiana Translation Françoise Létoublon Université Stendahl Karl Reichl Ancient Greek Universität Bonn Turkic, Old and Middle English Victor Mair University of Pennsylvania John Roberts Chinese Ohio State University African-American Nada Miloevi-Djordjevi University of Belgrade Joel Sherzer South Slavic University of Texas/Austin Native American, Anthropology Stephen Mitchell Harvard University Dennis Tedlock Scandinavian SUNY/Buffalo Native American Gregory Nagy Harvard University J. Barre Toelken Ancient Greek, Sanskrit, Utah State University comparative Folklore, Native American Joseph Falaky Nagy Ronald J. Turner Univ. of Cal./Los Angeles Univ. of Missouri/Columbia Old Irish Storytelling Susan Niditch Andrew Wiget Amherst College University of New Mexico Hebrew Bible Native American Walter J. Ong () St. Louis University (Emeritus) Hermeneutics of orality and literacy Contents Editor’s Column. 231 Helen Yitah Throwing Stones in Jest: Kasena Women’s “Proverbial” Revolt . 233 Françoise Ugochukwu The Devil’s Colors: A Comparative Study of French and Nigerian Folktales . 250 Michael D. C. Drout A Meme-Based Approach to Oral Traditional Theory. 269 Anthony K. Webster Keeping the Word: On Orality and Literacy (With a Sideways Glance at Navajo). 295 Ademola O. Dasylva “Culture Education” and the Challenge of Globalization in Modern Nigeria. 325 About the Authors. 342 Editor’s Column The present issue of Oral Tradition represents the end of one era and the beginning of another. Volume 21, number 2 marks the final appearance of OT in printed format; as of volume 22, number 1, the journal will be available only as eOT, an online, open-access, and free-of-charge periodical. We are excited about the early reaction to migration from paper to electronic format––within two weeks of launching in mid-September, 2006, the eOT site (http://journal.oraltradition.org) experienced more than 4000 non-identical hits and twice that many page-views. Perhaps more importantly, our tracking software indicates major readerships in Asia, Africa, and South America as well as Europe and North America. Likewise, we have begun to receive submissions from scholars and researchers in heretofore under-represented areas, and we heartily encourage more voices to join the discussion. Enlarging our readership and authorship to areas usually difficult to reach through text-based Western distribution networks was and remains the primary reason for our conversion of OT to an online, open-access, and free-of-charge medium. The current miscellany follows our customary pattern of offering perspectives from diverse oral traditions, in the hope that comparative observations and examples may prove broadly useful to our (ever more) diverse readership. Helen Yitah opens the colloquium with a fascinating exposition of African proverbs in social context, illustrating the power of this fundamental oral genre to contest entrenched attitudes and beliefs. Françoise Ugochukwu then provides a comparative view of color symbolism associated with the devil in French and Nigerian folktales. On another note, Michael Drout describes a new model for oral traditional studies based on the biological theory of “memes,” understood as the “simplest units of cultural replication.” Two additional essays round out this issue by tackling some persistently difficult problems. In consonance with much recent research, Anthony Webster helpfully complicates our understanding of “orality” and “literacy,” with special reference to Native American traditions. Finally, Ademola Dasylva explains the impact of globalization and, in particular the spread of Western-centric educational models, on indigenous culture and learning in Nigeria. On the near horizon, OT will devote 2007 to two special issues on strikingly different topics. The first will focus on the American folk singer Bob Dylan and his relationship to oral tradition, deriving from a conference at the Université Caen and guest-edited by Catharine Mason and Richard Thomas. The second issue will present an in-depth view of Basque oral traditions. Guest-edited by Joxerra Garzia, Jon Sarasua, and Andoni Egaña, it contains both analytical scholarship and interviews with practicing oral poets (bertsolari). We are confident that these two collections will prove interesting and valuable across the wide and multidisciplinary field of studies in oral tradition. As always, but now with a broader purpose, we urge you to send us your work on oral tradition for publication in online OT. Our reviewing policy will remain the same as in the past: one specialist and one generalist will read the submission before an editorial decision is reached. But now we can offer an enormously larger and more diverse audience for your ideas, an audience that paper publication media simply can’t reach. We will continue to publish online eCompanions (audio, video, and other support for text) as needed, as embedded links in articles that can be downloaded free of charge by anyone with a web connection and a browser. Please join us as the second generation of Oral Tradition begins in the virtual community. John Miles Foley, Editor Center for Studies in Oral Tradition http://oraltradition.org eOT: http://journal.oraltradition.org email: [email protected] Oral Tradition, 21/2 (2006): 233-249 Throwing Stones in Jest: Kasena Women’s “Proverbial” Revolt Helen Yitah “It is the stone thrown in jest that causes injury to the head.”—Kasem Proverb Albert Awedoba’s recent seminal work, An Introduction to Kasena Society and Culture Through Their Proverbs (2000a), and his article on “The Social Roles of Riddles, with Reference to Kasena Society” (2000b) stand out as the only publications that examine the Kasena of Northern Ghana through their oral literature. Research on the Kasena has been mainly in the field of anthropology and dates back to the first few decades of the twentieth century.1 More recently, scholars such as Fred Binka, Philip Adongo,