EM 1110-1-4015 28 August 2009 ENGINEERING AND DESIGN DESIGN: IN SITU THERMAL REMEDIATION ENGINEER MANUAL AVAILABILITY Electronic copies of this and other U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) publications are available on the Internet at http://www.usace.army.mil/inet/usace-docs/. This site is the only repository for all official USACE engineer regulations, circulars, manuals, and other documents originating from HQUSACE. Publications are provided in portable document format (PDF). ϖPrinted on Recycled Paper DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY EM 1110-1-4015 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers CEMP-CE Washington, DC 20314-1000 Manual No. 1110-1-4015 28 August 2009 Engineering and Design DESIGN: IN SITU THERMAL REMEDIATION Table of Contents Paragraph Page Chapter 1. Introduction Purpose.................................................................................................................1.1 1-1 Applicability ........................................................................................................1.2 1-1 Distribution Statement .........................................................................................1.3 1-1 References............................................................................................................1.4 1-1 Background..........................................................................................................1.5 1-1 Scope ...................................................................................................................1.6 1-4 Organization.........................................................................................................1.7 1-4 Chapter 2. Underlying Physical Principles and Technology Descriptions Fundamental Principles........................................................................................2.1 2-1 Technology Descriptions .....................................................................................2.2 2-21 Unavoidable and Potential Effects.......................................................................2.3 2-38 Chapter 3. Site Characterization for ISTR Technology Screening and Design Introduction……………………………………………………………………..3.1 3-1 Data Collection Requirements to Support Remedy Selection and Design .........3.2 3-1 Site Physical Properties and Site Conditions.......................................................3.3 3-1 Chemical Analyses and Contaminant Properties.................................................3.4 3-4 Data Needs Specific to each Technology ............................................................3.5 3-5 Evaluation of Biological Degradation Potential ..................................................3.6 3-10 Chapter 4. Technology Screening and Feasibility Studies for ISTR Introduction..........................................................................................................4.1 4-1 Identify Remedial Action Strategies....................................................................4.2 4-1 Measures of Success for ISTR.............................................................................4.3 4-5 Feasibility Evaluation Flow Charts......................................................................4.4 4-6 Evaluation of Short-Term Impacts of ISTR.........................................................4.5 4-8 Chapter 5. Bench- and Pilot-Scale Studies Introduction and Considerations in Determining Testing Approaches ...............5.1 5-1 Thermal Conductive Heating...............................................................................5.2 5-3 Electrical Resistivity Heating ..............................................................................5.3 5-7 Steam Enhanced Extraction .................................................................................5.4 5-8 i EM 1110-1-4015 28 Aug 09 Paragraph Page Chapter 6. Design Considerations Introduction and Overall Design Strategy ...........................................................6.1 6-1 Thermal Conductive Heating...............................................................................6.2 6-1 Electrical Resistivity Heating ..............................................................................6.3 6-15 Steam Enhanced Extraction .................................................................................6.4 6-19 Waste Stream Treatment Options ........................................................................6.5 6-23 Other System Considerations...............................................................................6.6 6-30 Modeling..............................................................................................................6.7 6-32 Chapter 7. Cost and Performance Results Introduction..........................................................................................................7.1 7-1 General Observations...........................................................................................7.2 7-1 Technology-Specific Applications ......................................................................7.3 7-3 Chapter 8. Performance Monitoring and Operations and Maintenance (O&M) Subsurface Monitoring for ISTR Technologies...................................................8.1 8-1 Operations and Maintenance for ISTR Technologies..........................................8.2 8-6 Chapter 9. System Shutdown and Confirmation of Cleanup Introduction..........................................................................................................9.1 9-1 Shutdown Strategy...............................................................................................9.2 9-1 Shutdown Criteria ................................................................................................9.3 9-2 Confirmation of Cleanup .....................................................................................9.4 9-7 Chapter 10. Other Issues Patent Issues.........................................................................................................10.1 10-1 Safety ...................................................................................................................10.2 10-1 Community Acceptance and Education...............................................................10.3 10-2 Contracting...........................................................................................................10.4 10-4 Equipment Purchase, Operations and Maintenance ............................................10.5 10-5 Regulatory Issues.................................................................................................10.6 10-6 Appendix A. References........................................................................................................ A-1 Appendix B. Case Studies..................................................................................................... B-1 Appendix C. Example Checklists......................................................................................... C-1 Appendix D. Example Table of Contents for Operations Manual..................................... D-1 Glossary.........................................................................................................................Glossary-1 ii EM 1110-1-4015 28 Aug 2009 List of Tables Page Table 2-1. Rate of Hydrolysis by Compound and Temperature......................................... 2-6 Table 2-2. Thermal Properties of Representative Materials and Fluids............................. 2-7 Table 2-3. Select NAPL Compounds and Steam Co-Distillation Points............................ 2-9 Table 2-4. Generally Recognized Optimum Growth Range for Various Groups of Microorganisms........................................................................................... 2-18 Table 2-5. Redox Processes that Consume Organic Matter and Reduce Inorganic Compounds in Groundwater............................................................................ 2-20 Table 2-6. Nominal Upper Bound Temperatures Achieved for Various ISTR Technologies.................................................................................................... 2-22 Table 6-1. Groundwater Treatment Technologies............................................................ 6-26 Table 6-2. Vapor Treatment Technologies....................................................................... 6-28 Table 6-3 Applicability of Models to Individual Technologies...................................... 6-35 Table 6-4. Features of numerical modeling codes............................................................ 6-36 Table 7-1. Summary of Completed Thermal ISTD TCH Projects..................................... 7-4 Table 7-2. Summary of Selected ERH Projects.................................................................. 7-5 Table 8-1. ISTR Monitoring Summary............................................................................. 8-10 Table B-1 Summary of Steam Injection Projects............................................................. B-29 List of Figures Figure 2-1 Aqueous Solubilities of Trichloroethylene and Tetrachloroethylene as a Function of Temperature........................................................................... 2-1 Figure 2-2 Calculated Aqueous Solubility of Naphthalene as a Function of Temperature.................................................................................................. 2-2 Figure 2-3 Vapor Pressure of Selected Compounds vs. Temperature ................................2-3 Figure 2-4 Vapor-phase Concentrations of Trichloroethylene